nextjs-app-router-patterns

Next.js App Router Patterns

Comprehensive patterns for Next.js 14+ App Router architecture, Server Components, and modern full-stack React development.

When to Use This Skill

Building new Next.js applications with App Router
Migrating from Pages Router to App Router
Implementing Server Components and streaming
Setting up parallel and intercepting routes
Optimizing data fetching and caching
Building full-stack features with Server Actions

Core Concepts

Rendering Modes

Mode Where When to Use

Server Components Server only Data fetching, heavy computation, secrets

Client Components Browser Interactivity, hooks, browser APIs

Static Build time Content that rarely changes

Dynamic Request time Personalized or real-time data

Streaming Progressive Large pages, slow data sources

File Conventions

app/ ├── layout.tsx # Shared UI wrapper ├── page.tsx # Route UI ├── loading.tsx # Loading UI (Suspense) ├── error.tsx # Error boundary ├── not-found.tsx # 404 UI ├── route.ts # API endpoint ├── template.tsx # Re-mounted layout ├── default.tsx # Parallel route fallback └── opengraph-image.tsx # OG image generation

Quick Start

// app/layout.tsx import { Inter } from 'next/font/google' import { Providers } from './providers'

const inter = Inter({ subsets: ['latin'] })

export const metadata = { title: { default: 'My App', template: '%s | My App' }, description: 'Built with Next.js App Router', }

export default function RootLayout({ children, }: { children: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html lang="en" suppressHydrationWarning> <body className={inter.className}> <Providers>{children}</Providers> </body> </html> ) }

// app/page.tsx - Server Component by default async function getProducts() { const res = await fetch('https://api.example.com/products', { next: { revalidate: 3600 }, // ISR: revalidate every hour }) return res.json() }

export default async function HomePage() { const products = await getProducts()

return ( <main> <h1>Products</h1> <ProductGrid products={products} /> </main> ) }

Patterns

Pattern 1: Server Components with Data Fetching

// app/products/page.tsx import { Suspense } from 'react' import { ProductList, ProductListSkeleton } from '@/components/products' import { FilterSidebar } from '@/components/filters'

interface SearchParams { category?: string sort?: 'price' | 'name' | 'date' page?: string }

export default async function ProductsPage({ searchParams, }: { searchParams: Promise<SearchParams> }) { const params = await searchParams

return ( <div className="flex gap-8"> <FilterSidebar /> <Suspense key={JSON.stringify(params)} fallback={<ProductListSkeleton />} > <ProductList category={params.category} sort={params.sort} page={Number(params.page) || 1} /> </Suspense> </div> ) }

// components/products/ProductList.tsx - Server Component async function getProducts(filters: ProductFilters) { const res = await fetch( ${process.env.API_URL}/products?${new URLSearchParams(filters)}, { next: { tags: ['products'] } } ) if (!res.ok) throw new Error('Failed to fetch products') return res.json() }

export async function ProductList({ category, sort, page }: ProductFilters) { const { products, totalPages } = await getProducts({ category, sort, page })

return ( <div> <div className="grid grid-cols-3 gap-4"> {products.map((product) => ( <ProductCard key={product.id} product={product} /> ))} </div> <Pagination currentPage={page} totalPages={totalPages} /> </div> ) }

Pattern 2: Client Components with 'use client'

// components/products/AddToCartButton.tsx 'use client'

import { useState, useTransition } from 'react' import { addToCart } from '@/app/actions/cart'

export function AddToCartButton({ productId }: { productId: string }) { const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition() const [error, setError] = useState<string | null>(null)

const handleClick = () => { setError(null) startTransition(async () => { const result = await addToCart(productId) if (result.error) { setError(result.error) } }) }

return ( <div> <button onClick={handleClick} disabled={isPending} className="btn-primary" > {isPending ? 'Adding...' : 'Add to Cart'} </button> {error && <p className="text-red-500 text-sm">{error}</p>} </div> ) }

Pattern 3: Server Actions

// app/actions/cart.ts "use server";

import { revalidateTag } from "next/cache"; import { cookies } from "next/headers"; import { redirect } from "next/navigation";

export async function addToCart(productId: string) { const cookieStore = await cookies(); const sessionId = cookieStore.get("session")?.value;

if (!sessionId) { redirect("/login"); }

try { await db.cart.upsert({ where: { sessionId_productId: { sessionId, productId } }, update: { quantity: { increment: 1 } }, create: { sessionId, productId, quantity: 1 }, });

revalidateTag("cart");
return { success: true };

} catch (error) { return { error: "Failed to add item to cart" }; } }

export async function checkout(formData: FormData) { const address = formData.get("address") as string; const payment = formData.get("payment") as string;

// Validate if (!address || !payment) { return { error: "Missing required fields" }; }

// Process order const order = await processOrder({ address, payment });

// Redirect to confirmation redirect(/orders/${order.id}/confirmation); }

Pattern 4: Parallel Routes

// app/dashboard/layout.tsx export default function DashboardLayout({ children, analytics, team, }: { children: React.ReactNode analytics: React.ReactNode team: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <div className="dashboard-grid"> <main>{children}</main> <aside className="analytics-panel">{analytics}</aside> <aside className="team-panel">{team}</aside> </div> ) }

// app/dashboard/@analytics/page.tsx export default async function AnalyticsSlot() { const stats = await getAnalytics() return <AnalyticsChart data={stats} /> }

// app/dashboard/@analytics/loading.tsx export default function AnalyticsLoading() { return <ChartSkeleton /> }

// app/dashboard/@team/page.tsx export default async function TeamSlot() { const members = await getTeamMembers() return <TeamList members={members} /> }

Pattern 5: Intercepting Routes (Modal Pattern)

// File structure for photo modal // app/ // ├── @modal/ // │ ├── (.)photos/[id]/page.tsx # Intercept // │ └── default.tsx // ├── photos/ // │ └── [id]/page.tsx # Full page // └── layout.tsx

// app/@modal/(.)photos/[id]/page.tsx import { Modal } from '@/components/Modal' import { PhotoDetail } from '@/components/PhotoDetail'

export default async function PhotoModal({ params, }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) { const { id } = await params const photo = await getPhoto(id)

return ( <Modal> <PhotoDetail photo={photo} /> </Modal> ) }

// app/photos/[id]/page.tsx - Full page version export default async function PhotoPage({ params, }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) { const { id } = await params const photo = await getPhoto(id)

return ( <div className="photo-page"> <PhotoDetail photo={photo} /> <RelatedPhotos photoId={id} /> </div> ) }

// app/layout.tsx export default function RootLayout({ children, modal, }: { children: React.ReactNode modal: React.ReactNode }) { return ( <html> <body> {children} {modal} </body> </html> ) }

Pattern 6: Streaming with Suspense

// app/product/[id]/page.tsx import { Suspense } from 'react'

export default async function ProductPage({ params, }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }) { const { id } = await params

// This data loads first (blocking) const product = await getProduct(id)

return ( <div> {/* Immediate render */} <ProductHeader product={product} />

  {/* Stream in reviews */}
  &#x3C;Suspense fallback={&#x3C;ReviewsSkeleton />}>
    &#x3C;Reviews productId={id} />
  &#x3C;/Suspense>

  {/* Stream in recommendations */}
  &#x3C;Suspense fallback={&#x3C;RecommendationsSkeleton />}>
    &#x3C;Recommendations productId={id} />
  &#x3C;/Suspense>
&#x3C;/div>

) }

// These components fetch their own data async function Reviews({ productId }: { productId: string }) { const reviews = await getReviews(productId) // Slow API return <ReviewList reviews={reviews} /> }

async function Recommendations({ productId }: { productId: string }) { const products = await getRecommendations(productId) // ML-based, slow return <ProductCarousel products={products} /> }

Pattern 7: Route Handlers (API Routes)

// app/api/products/route.ts import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";

export async function GET(request: NextRequest) { const searchParams = request.nextUrl.searchParams; const category = searchParams.get("category");

const products = await db.product.findMany({ where: category ? { category } : undefined, take: 20, });

return NextResponse.json(products); }

export async function POST(request: NextRequest) { const body = await request.json();

const product = await db.product.create({ data: body, });

return NextResponse.json(product, { status: 201 }); }

// app/api/products/[id]/route.ts export async function GET( request: NextRequest, { params }: { params: Promise<{ id: string }> }, ) { const { id } = await params; const product = await db.product.findUnique({ where: { id } });

if (!product) { return NextResponse.json({ error: "Product not found" }, { status: 404 }); }

return NextResponse.json(product); }

Pattern 8: Metadata and SEO

// app/products/[slug]/page.tsx import { Metadata } from 'next' import { notFound } from 'next/navigation'

type Props = { params: Promise<{ slug: string }> }

export async function generateMetadata({ params }: Props): Promise<Metadata> { const { slug } = await params const product = await getProduct(slug)

if (!product) return {}

return { title: product.name, description: product.description, openGraph: { title: product.name, description: product.description, images: [{ url: product.image, width: 1200, height: 630 }], }, twitter: { card: 'summary_large_image', title: product.name, description: product.description, images: [product.image], }, } }

export async function generateStaticParams() { const products = await db.product.findMany({ select: { slug: true } }) return products.map((p) => ({ slug: p.slug })) }

export default async function ProductPage({ params }: Props) { const { slug } = await params const product = await getProduct(slug)

if (!product) notFound()

return <ProductDetail product={product} /> }

Caching Strategies

Data Cache

// No cache (always fresh) fetch(url, { cache: "no-store" });

// Cache forever (static) fetch(url, { cache: "force-cache" });

// ISR - revalidate after 60 seconds fetch(url, { next: { revalidate: 60 } });

// Tag-based invalidation fetch(url, { next: { tags: ["products"] } });

// Invalidate via Server Action ("use server"); import { revalidateTag, revalidatePath } from "next/cache";

export async function updateProduct(id: string, data: ProductData) { await db.product.update({ where: { id }, data }); revalidateTag("products"); revalidatePath("/products"); }

Best Practices

Do's

Start with Server Components - Add 'use client' only when needed
Colocate data fetching - Fetch data where it's used
Use Suspense boundaries - Enable streaming for slow data
Leverage parallel routes - Independent loading states
Use Server Actions - For mutations with progressive enhancement

Don'ts

Don't pass serializable data - Server → Client boundary limitations
Don't use hooks in Server Components - No useState, useEffect
Don't fetch in Client Components - Use Server Components or React Query
Don't over-nest layouts - Each layout adds to the component tree
Don't ignore loading states - Always provide loading.tsx or Suspense

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