testing-best-practices

Testing Best Practices

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Testing Best Practices

This skill provides comprehensive expert knowledge of testing Node.js/Express applications with emphasis on Jest and Supertest, test organization, mocking strategies, and achieving comprehensive test coverage.

Testing Framework Setup

Jest Installation and Configuration

Install dependencies:

npm install --save-dev jest supertest @types/jest

package.json configuration:

{ "scripts": { "test": "jest", "test:watch": "jest --watch", "test:coverage": "jest --coverage", "test:verbose": "jest --verbose" }, "jest": { "testEnvironment": "node", "coveragePathIgnorePatterns": [ "/node_modules/" ], "testMatch": [ "/tests//.js", "**/?(.)+(spec|test).js" ] } }

jest.config.js (advanced):

module.exports = { // Use Node.js test environment testEnvironment: 'node',

// Test file patterns testMatch: [ '/tests//.js', '**/.test.js', '**/*.spec.js' ],

// Coverage settings collectCoverageFrom: [ 'src//*.js', 'routes//*.js', '!src/index.js', // Exclude entry point '!/node_modules/' ],

// Coverage thresholds coverageThreshold: { global: { branches: 80, functions: 80, lines: 80, statements: 80 } },

// Setup files setupFilesAfterEnv: ['<rootDir>/test/setup.js'],

// Clear mocks between tests clearMocks: true,

// Verbose output verbose: true,

// Timeout for tests testTimeout: 10000 };

Test Directory Structure

Option 1: Separate test directory:

project/ ├── src/ │ ├── server.js │ ├── routes/ │ │ └── api.js │ └── utils/ │ └── validators.js ├── test/ │ ├── setup.js │ ├── server.test.js │ ├── routes/ │ │ └── api.test.js │ └── utils/ │ └── validators.test.js └── package.json

Option 2: Co-located tests:

project/ ├── src/ │ ├── server.js │ ├── server.test.js │ ├── routes/ │ │ ├── api.js │ │ └── api.test.js │ └── utils/ │ ├── validators.js │ └── validators.test.js └── package.json

Option 3: tests directories:

project/ ├── src/ │ ├── tests/ │ │ └── server.test.js │ ├── server.js │ ├── routes/ │ │ ├── tests/ │ │ │ └── api.test.js │ │ └── api.js └── package.json

Testing Express Applications with Supertest

Basic API Testing

const request = require('supertest'); const app = require('../server');

describe('GET /', () => { it('should return 200 status', async () => { const response = await request(app).get('/'); expect(response.status).toBe(200); });

it('should return JSON content type', async () => { const response = await request(app).get('/api/users'); expect(response.headers['content-type']).toMatch(/json/); });

it('should return users array', async () => { const response = await request(app).get('/api/users'); expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('users'); expect(Array.isArray(response.body.users)).toBe(true); }); });

describe('POST /api/users', () => { it('should create a user with valid data', async () => { const userData = { name: 'John Doe', email: 'john@example.com', password: 'SecurePass123!' };

const response = await request(app)
  .post('/api/users')
  .send(userData)
  .set('Content-Type', 'application/json')
  .expect(201);

expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('id');
expect(response.body.email).toBe(userData.email);
expect(response.body).not.toHaveProperty('password'); // Don't return password

});

it('should reject invalid email', async () => { const response = await request(app) .post('/api/users') .send({ name: 'John', email: 'invalid-email', password: 'SecurePass123!' }) .expect(400);

expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('error');
expect(response.body.error).toMatch(/email/i);

});

it('should reject weak password', async () => { const response = await request(app) .post('/api/users') .send({ name: 'John', email: 'john@example.com', password: '123' // Too short }) .expect(400);

expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('error');
expect(response.body.error).toMatch(/password/i);

}); });

describe('Authentication', () => { let authToken;

beforeAll(async () => { // Create a test user and get token const response = await request(app) .post('/api/login') .send({ email: 'test@example.com', password: 'TestPass123!' });

authToken = response.body.token;

});

it('should access protected route with valid token', async () => { const response = await request(app) .get('/api/profile') .set('Authorization', Bearer ${authToken}) .expect(200);

expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('user');

});

it('should reject access without token', async () => { await request(app) .get('/api/profile') .expect(401); });

it('should reject invalid token', async () => { await request(app) .get('/api/profile') .set('Authorization', 'Bearer invalid-token') .expect(401); }); });

Testing Proxy Endpoints

const request = require('supertest'); const axios = require('axios'); const app = require('../server');

// Mock axios jest.mock('axios');

describe('POST /api/proxy', () => { afterEach(() => { jest.clearAllMocks(); });

it('should proxy request successfully', async () => { const mockData = { results: [ { id: 1, name: 'Result 1' }, { id: 2, name: 'Result 2' } ] };

axios.post.mockResolvedValue({
  data: mockData,
  status: 200
});

const response = await request(app)
  .post('/api/proxy')
  .send({ query: 'test' })
  .expect(200);

expect(response.body).toEqual(mockData);
expect(axios.post).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
  expect.any(String),
  { query: 'test' },
  expect.any(Object)
);

});

it('should handle proxy errors', async () => { axios.post.mockRejectedValue({ response: { status: 500, data: { error: 'Internal Server Error' } } });

const response = await request(app)
  .post('/api/proxy')
  .send({ query: 'test' })
  .expect(500);

expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('error');

});

it('should handle network errors', async () => { axios.post.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Network error'));

const response = await request(app)
  .post('/api/proxy')
  .send({ query: 'test' })
  .expect(500);

expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('error');

});

it('should validate request before proxying', async () => { const response = await request(app) .post('/api/proxy') .send({ invalid: 'data' }) .expect(400);

expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('error');
expect(axios.post).not.toHaveBeenCalled();

}); });

Mocking Strategies

Mocking External APIs

Mock entire module:

jest.mock('axios');

const axios = require('axios');

describe('External API calls', () => { it('should fetch data from external API', async () => { const mockData = { data: 'test' }; axios.get.mockResolvedValue({ data: mockData });

const result = await fetchExternalData();

expect(result).toEqual(mockData);
expect(axios.get).toHaveBeenCalledWith('https://api.example.com/data');

}); });

Mock specific functions:

const userService = require('../services/user');

jest.spyOn(userService, 'findById').mockResolvedValue({ id: 1, name: 'Test User' });

describe('User routes', () => { it('should get user by id', async () => { const response = await request(app) .get('/api/users/1') .expect(200);

expect(response.body.name).toBe('Test User');
expect(userService.findById).toHaveBeenCalledWith('1');

}); });

Manual mocks:

// mocks/axios.js module.exports = { get: jest.fn(() => Promise.resolve({ data: {} })), post: jest.fn(() => Promise.resolve({ data: {} })), put: jest.fn(() => Promise.resolve({ data: {} })), delete: jest.fn(() => Promise.resolve({ data: {} })) };

Mocking Database

// Mock database module jest.mock('../db');

const db = require('../db');

describe('Database operations', () => { beforeEach(() => { db.query.mockClear(); });

it('should query users', async () => { const mockUsers = [ { id: 1, name: 'User 1' }, { id: 2, name: 'User 2' } ];

db.query.mockResolvedValue({ rows: mockUsers });

const users = await User.findAll();

expect(users).toEqual(mockUsers);
expect(db.query).toHaveBeenCalledWith('SELECT * FROM users');

});

it('should handle database errors', async () => { db.query.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Connection failed'));

await expect(User.findAll()).rejects.toThrow('Connection failed');

}); });

Mocking Environment Variables

describe('Environment configuration', () => { const originalEnv = process.env;

beforeEach(() => { jest.resetModules(); process.env = { ...originalEnv }; });

afterAll(() => { process.env = originalEnv; });

it('should use default port when PORT not set', () => { delete process.env.PORT; const config = require('../config'); expect(config.port).toBe(3000); });

it('should use PORT from environment', () => { process.env.PORT = '8080'; const config = require('../config'); expect(config.port).toBe(8080); }); });

Unit vs Integration vs E2E Testing

Unit Tests

What: Test individual functions/modules in isolation

Example:

// validators.js function isValidEmail(email) { const emailRegex = /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+.[^\s@]+$/; return emailRegex.test(email); }

function isStrongPassword(password) { return password.length >= 12 && /[A-Z]/.test(password) && /[a-z]/.test(password) && /[0-9]/.test(password) && /[^A-Za-z0-9]/.test(password); }

module.exports = { isValidEmail, isStrongPassword };

// validators.test.js const { isValidEmail, isStrongPassword } = require('./validators');

describe('Email validation', () => { it('should accept valid email', () => { expect(isValidEmail('test@example.com')).toBe(true); });

it('should reject email without @', () => { expect(isValidEmail('testexample.com')).toBe(false); });

it('should reject email without domain', () => { expect(isValidEmail('test@')).toBe(false); });

it('should reject email with spaces', () => { expect(isValidEmail('test @example.com')).toBe(false); }); });

describe('Password validation', () => { it('should accept strong password', () => { expect(isStrongPassword('MyP@ssw0rd123!')).toBe(true); });

it('should reject short password', () => { expect(isStrongPassword('Short1!')).toBe(false); });

it('should reject password without uppercase', () => { expect(isStrongPassword('myp@ssw0rd123!')).toBe(false); });

it('should reject password without special char', () => { expect(isStrongPassword('MyPassword123')).toBe(false); }); });

Integration Tests

What: Test multiple components working together

Example:

const request = require('supertest'); const app = require('../server'); const db = require('../db');

describe('User registration flow', () => { beforeEach(async () => { // Clean database before each test await db.query('DELETE FROM users'); });

it('should register user and allow login', async () => { // Register user const registerResponse = await request(app) .post('/api/register') .send({ email: 'test@example.com', password: 'SecurePass123!', name: 'Test User' }) .expect(201);

expect(registerResponse.body).toHaveProperty('id');

// Login with registered credentials
const loginResponse = await request(app)
  .post('/api/login')
  .send({
    email: 'test@example.com',
    password: 'SecurePass123!'
  })
  .expect(200);

expect(loginResponse.body).toHaveProperty('token');

// Access protected route with token
const profileResponse = await request(app)
  .get('/api/profile')
  .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${loginResponse.body.token}`)
  .expect(200);

expect(profileResponse.body.email).toBe('test@example.com');

}); });

End-to-End (E2E) Tests

What: Test complete user workflows from UI to database

Setup with Puppeteer:

npm install --save-dev puppeteer

Example:

const puppeteer = require('puppeteer');

describe('E2E: User registration', () => { let browser; let page;

beforeAll(async () => { browser = await puppeteer.launch({ headless: true, args: ['--no-sandbox'] }); page = await browser.newPage(); });

afterAll(async () => { await browser.close(); });

it('should complete registration flow', async () => { // Navigate to registration page await page.goto('http://localhost:3000/register');

// Fill out form
await page.type('#email', 'test@example.com');
await page.type('#password', 'SecurePass123!');
await page.type('#confirmPassword', 'SecurePass123!');

// Submit form
await page.click('button[type="submit"]');

// Wait for redirect to dashboard
await page.waitForNavigation();

// Verify we're on dashboard
const url = page.url();
expect(url).toContain('/dashboard');

// Verify welcome message
const welcomeMessage = await page.$eval(
  '.welcome',
  el => el.textContent
);
expect(welcomeMessage).toContain('test@example.com');

}); });

Test Organization

Describe Blocks

describe('User API', () => { describe('GET /api/users', () => { it('should return all users', async () => { // Test implementation });

it('should support pagination', async () => {
  // Test implementation
});

it('should support filtering', async () => {
  // Test implementation
});

});

describe('POST /api/users', () => { it('should create user with valid data', async () => { // Test implementation });

it('should reject duplicate email', async () => {
  // Test implementation
});

});

describe('PUT /api/users/:id', () => { it('should update user', async () => { // Test implementation });

it('should reject unauthorized update', async () => {
  // Test implementation
});

}); });

Setup and Teardown

describe('Database tests', () => { // Runs once before all tests in this describe block beforeAll(async () => { await db.connect(); });

// Runs once after all tests in this describe block afterAll(async () => { await db.disconnect(); });

// Runs before each test in this describe block beforeEach(async () => { await db.query('DELETE FROM users'); await db.query('INSERT INTO users (email) VALUES ($1)', ['test@example.com']); });

// Runs after each test in this describe block afterEach(async () => { jest.clearAllMocks(); });

it('should find user', async () => { const user = await User.findByEmail('test@example.com'); expect(user).toBeTruthy(); });

it('should delete user', async () => { await User.deleteByEmail('test@example.com'); const user = await User.findByEmail('test@example.com'); expect(user).toBeNull(); }); });

Test Fixtures

// test/fixtures/users.js module.exports = { validUser: { email: 'test@example.com', password: 'SecurePass123!', name: 'Test User' },

adminUser: { email: 'admin@example.com', password: 'AdminPass123!', name: 'Admin User', role: 'admin' },

invalidUsers: { noEmail: { password: 'SecurePass123!', name: 'Test User' }, weakPassword: { email: 'test@example.com', password: '123', name: 'Test User' } } };

// Usage in tests const fixtures = require('./fixtures/users');

describe('User creation', () => { it('should create valid user', async () => { const response = await request(app) .post('/api/users') .send(fixtures.validUser) .expect(201); });

it('should reject user without email', async () => { const response = await request(app) .post('/api/users') .send(fixtures.invalidUsers.noEmail) .expect(400); }); });

Async Testing

Testing Promises

describe('Async operations', () => { it('should resolve with data', async () => { const data = await fetchData(); expect(data).toBeDefined(); });

it('should reject with error', async () => { await expect(fetchInvalidData()).rejects.toThrow('Not found'); });

// Alternative: using done callback it('should fetch data (callback style)', (done) => { fetchData() .then(data => { expect(data).toBeDefined(); done(); }) .catch(done); }); });

Testing Callbacks

describe('Callback functions', () => { it('should call callback with data', (done) => { fetchDataWithCallback((err, data) => { expect(err).toBeNull(); expect(data).toBeDefined(); done(); }); });

it('should call callback with error', (done) => { fetchInvalidDataWithCallback((err, data) => { expect(err).toBeTruthy(); expect(data).toBeUndefined(); done(); }); }); });

Code Coverage

Generating Coverage Reports

Run tests with coverage

npm run test:coverage

Coverage report output

----------|---------|----------|---------|---------|

File% Stmts% Branch% Funcs% Lines
All files85.578.391.285.1
server.js92.385.710091.8
routes/78.971.483.379.2
-----------------------------------------------

Coverage Configuration

// jest.config.js module.exports = { collectCoverageFrom: [ 'src//*.js', '!src/index.js', // Exclude entry point '!src//*.test.js', // Exclude test files '!src//tests/' // Exclude test directories ],

coverageThreshold: { global: { branches: 80, functions: 80, lines: 80, statements: 80 }, // Per-file thresholds './src/critical-module.js': { branches: 100, functions: 100, lines: 100, statements: 100 } },

coverageReporters: [ 'text', // Terminal output 'html', // HTML report in coverage/ 'lcov', // For CI tools 'json' // Machine-readable ] };

Viewing HTML Coverage Report

npm run test:coverage open coverage/index.html # macOS xdg-open coverage/index.html # Linux start coverage/index.html # Windows

Testing Best Practices

  1. Naming Conventions

// GOOD - Descriptive test names describe('User registration', () => { it('should create user with valid email and password', () => {}); it('should reject registration with duplicate email', () => {}); it('should hash password before storing', () => {}); });

// BAD - Vague test names describe('User', () => { it('works', () => {}); it('test 1', () => {}); it('should not fail', () => {}); });

  1. AAA Pattern (Arrange, Act, Assert)

it('should calculate total price with tax', () => { // Arrange: Set up test data const items = [ { price: 10, quantity: 2 }, { price: 5, quantity: 3 } ]; const taxRate = 0.1;

// Act: Perform the action const total = calculateTotal(items, taxRate);

// Assert: Verify the result expect(total).toBe(38.5); // (102 + 53) * 1.1 });

  1. Test One Thing

// GOOD - Each test checks one behavior it('should validate email format', () => { expect(isValidEmail('test@example.com')).toBe(true); });

it('should reject email without domain', () => { expect(isValidEmail('test@')).toBe(false); });

// BAD - Testing multiple things it('should validate inputs', () => { expect(isValidEmail('test@example.com')).toBe(true); expect(isValidPassword('pass123')).toBe(false); expect(isValidPhone('1234567890')).toBe(true); });

  1. Avoid Test Interdependence

// BAD - Tests depend on each other let userId;

it('should create user', async () => { const response = await createUser(); userId = response.id; // Other tests depend on this });

it('should update user', async () => { await updateUser(userId); // Fails if previous test fails });

// GOOD - Each test is independent describe('User operations', () => { let userId;

beforeEach(async () => { const user = await createUser(); userId = user.id; });

it('should update user', async () => { await updateUser(userId); });

it('should delete user', async () => { await deleteUser(userId); }); });

  1. Use Meaningful Assertions

// GOOD - Specific assertions expect(response.status).toBe(200); expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('users'); expect(response.body.users).toHaveLength(5); expect(response.body.users[0]).toMatchObject({ id: expect.any(Number), email: expect.stringMatching(/^[\w-.]+@([\w-]+.)+[\w-]{2,4}$/) });

// BAD - Vague assertions expect(response).toBeTruthy(); expect(response.body).toBeDefined();

  1. Test Edge Cases

describe('Division function', () => { it('should divide positive numbers', () => { expect(divide(10, 2)).toBe(5); });

it('should handle negative numbers', () => { expect(divide(-10, 2)).toBe(-5); });

it('should handle zero numerator', () => { expect(divide(0, 5)).toBe(0); });

it('should throw error for division by zero', () => { expect(() => divide(10, 0)).toThrow('Division by zero'); });

it('should handle decimal results', () => { expect(divide(5, 2)).toBe(2.5); }); });

CI/CD Integration

GitHub Actions

.github/workflows/test.yml

name: Tests

on: push: branches: [ main, develop ] pull_request: branches: [ main ]

jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest

strategy:
  matrix:
    node-version: [18.x, 20.x]

steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v3

- name: Use Node.js ${{ matrix.node-version }}
  uses: actions/setup-node@v3
  with:
    node-version: ${{ matrix.node-version }}

- name: Install dependencies
  run: npm ci

- name: Run tests
  run: npm test

- name: Generate coverage report
  run: npm run test:coverage

- name: Upload coverage to Codecov
  uses: codecov/codecov-action@v3
  with:
    file: ./coverage/coverage-final.json
    fail_ci_if_error: true

npm Scripts for CI

{ "scripts": { "test": "jest", "test:ci": "jest --ci --coverage --maxWorkers=2", "test:coverage": "jest --coverage", "test:watch": "jest --watch" } }

Common Jest Matchers

Equality

expect(value).toBe(4); // Strict equality (===) expect(value).toEqual({ a: 1 }); // Deep equality expect(value).not.toBe(5); // Negation

Truthiness

expect(value).toBeTruthy(); expect(value).toBeFalsy(); expect(value).toBeNull(); expect(value).toBeUndefined(); expect(value).toBeDefined();

Numbers

expect(value).toBeGreaterThan(3); expect(value).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(3.5); expect(value).toBeLessThan(5); expect(value).toBeLessThanOrEqual(4.5); expect(value).toBeCloseTo(0.3); // Floating point

Strings

expect(string).toMatch(/pattern/); expect(string).toMatch('substring'); expect(string).toContain('substring');

Arrays and Iterables

expect(array).toContain('item'); expect(array).toHaveLength(3); expect(array).toEqual(expect.arrayContaining([1, 2]));

Objects

expect(object).toHaveProperty('key'); expect(object).toHaveProperty('key', value); expect(object).toMatchObject({ a: 1, b: 2 }); expect(object).toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ a: 1 }));

Functions

expect(fn).toThrow(); expect(fn).toThrow('error message'); expect(fn).toThrow(Error); expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalled(); expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledWith(arg1, arg2); expect(fn).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3);

Testing Checklist

Unit Tests

  • Test pure functions in isolation

  • Test all code paths (happy path and error cases)

  • Test edge cases and boundary conditions

  • Mock external dependencies

  • Achieve high code coverage (>80%)

Integration Tests

  • Test API endpoints

  • Test authentication/authorization

  • Test database operations

  • Test external API integration

  • Test error handling

E2E Tests

  • Test critical user flows

  • Test form submissions

  • Test navigation

  • Test authentication flow

General

  • Tests are fast (< 5 seconds for unit tests)

  • Tests are independent (can run in any order)

  • Tests are repeatable (same result every time)

  • Tests have clear, descriptive names

  • Setup and teardown properly implemented

  • No hardcoded values (use constants/fixtures)

  • CI/CD integration configured

Example Test Suite for Express API

const request = require('supertest'); const app = require('../server'); const db = require('../db');

describe('Express API Tests', () => { // Setup: Connect to test database beforeAll(async () => { await db.connect(process.env.TEST_DATABASE_URL); });

// Cleanup: Disconnect from database afterAll(async () => { await db.disconnect(); });

// Reset database before each test beforeEach(async () => { await db.query('DELETE FROM users'); });

describe('GET /api/health', () => { it('should return health status', async () => { const response = await request(app) .get('/api/health') .expect(200);

  expect(response.body).toEqual({
    status: 'ok',
    timestamp: expect.any(Number)
  });
});

});

describe('POST /api/users', () => { it('should create user with valid data', async () => { const userData = { email: 'test@example.com', password: 'SecurePass123!', name: 'Test User' };

  const response = await request(app)
    .post('/api/users')
    .send(userData)
    .expect(201);

  expect(response.body).toMatchObject({
    id: expect.any(Number),
    email: userData.email,
    name: userData.name
  });
  expect(response.body).not.toHaveProperty('password');
});

it('should reject duplicate email', async () => {
  const userData = {
    email: 'test@example.com',
    password: 'SecurePass123!',
    name: 'Test User'
  };

  // Create first user
  await request(app).post('/api/users').send(userData);

  // Try to create duplicate
  const response = await request(app)
    .post('/api/users')
    .send(userData)
    .expect(409);

  expect(response.body.error).toMatch(/already exists/i);
});

it('should validate email format', async () => {
  const response = await request(app)
    .post('/api/users')
    .send({
      email: 'invalid-email',
      password: 'SecurePass123!',
      name: 'Test'
    })
    .expect(400);

  expect(response.body.error).toMatch(/email/i);
});

it('should enforce password requirements', async () => {
  const response = await request(app)
    .post('/api/users')
    .send({
      email: 'test@example.com',
      password: 'weak',
      name: 'Test'
    })
    .expect(400);

  expect(response.body.error).toMatch(/password/i);
});

});

describe('Authentication', () => { let authToken; const testUser = { email: 'auth@example.com', password: 'SecurePass123!', name: 'Auth User' };

beforeEach(async () => {
  // Create user
  await request(app).post('/api/users').send(testUser);

  // Login and get token
  const response = await request(app)
    .post('/api/login')
    .send({
      email: testUser.email,
      password: testUser.password
    });

  authToken = response.body.token;
});

it('should login with valid credentials', async () => {
  const response = await request(app)
    .post('/api/login')
    .send({
      email: testUser.email,
      password: testUser.password
    })
    .expect(200);

  expect(response.body).toHaveProperty('token');
});

it('should reject invalid credentials', async () => {
  await request(app)
    .post('/api/login')
    .send({
      email: testUser.email,
      password: 'WrongPassword'
    })
    .expect(401);
});

it('should access protected route with token', async () => {
  const response = await request(app)
    .get('/api/profile')
    .set('Authorization', `Bearer ${authToken}`)
    .expect(200);

  expect(response.body.email).toBe(testUser.email);
});

it('should reject access without token', async () => {
  await request(app)
    .get('/api/profile')
    .expect(401);
});

}); });

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