QA Testing (Android)

Android testing automation with Espresso, UIAutomator, and Compose Testing.

Core References: Android Testing Docs, Espresso, Compose Testing

Quick Reference

Task Command

List emulators emulator -list-avds

Start emulator emulator @<avd_name>

List devices adb devices

Install APK adb install -r <path-to-apk>

Run unit tests ./gradlew test

Run instrumented tests (connected) ./gradlew connectedAndroidTest

Run instrumented tests (GMD) ./gradlew <device><variant>AndroidTest

List GMD tasks `./gradlew tasks --all

Clear app data adb shell pm clear <applicationId>

Quick Start (2026 Defaults)

• Prefer Gradle Managed Devices (GMD) + ATD images for CI; use connectedAndroidTest for local ad-hoc runs.

• Enable test isolation via AndroidX Test Orchestrator for instrumented tests.

• Disable animations via Gradle testOptions (preferred) instead of per-runner ADB steps.

• Keep selectors stable: withId() (Views), testTag (Compose), resource-id/content-desc (UIAutomator).

Recommended Gradle defaults for stable instrumented tests (version catalog names vary by project):

android { testOptions { animationsDisabled = true execution = "ANDROIDX_TEST_ORCHESTRATOR" } }

dependencies { androidTestUtil(libs.androidx.test.orchestrator) }

When to Use

• Debug or stabilize flaky Android UI tests

• Add Espresso tests for View-based UIs

• Add Compose UI tests for composables

• Add UIAutomator tests for system UI or cross-app flows

• Set up an Android test gate in CI

Inputs to Gather

• UI stack: Views, Compose, or mixed

• Test layer: unit, Robolectric, instrumented UI, UIAutomator/system

• CI target: PR gate vs nightly vs release; emulator vs device farm

• Device matrix: min/target API, form factors, locales (if relevant)

• Flake symptoms: timeouts, missing nodes, idling/sync, device-only issues

• App seams: DI hooks for fakes, feature flags, test accounts/test data

Testing Layers

Layer Framework Scope

Unit JUnit + Mockito JVM, no Android

Unit (Android) Robolectric JVM, simulated

UI (Views) Espresso Instrumented

UI (Compose) Compose Testing Instrumented

System UIAutomator Cross-app

Core Principles (Stability)

Device Matrix

• Default: emulators for PR gates; real devices for release

• Cover: min supported API level, target API level, plus tablet/foldable if supported

Flake Control

• Prefer Gradle testOptions { animationsDisabled = true } for instrumented tests

• Use AndroidX Test Orchestrator to isolate state and recover from crashes

• Use IdlingResources / Compose idling + waitUntil instead of sleeps

• Mock network with MockWebServer (or your DI fake) and avoid live backends

• Reset app state per test (test account/data, storage, feature flags)

Writing Tests

• Espresso (Views): open references/espresso-patterns.md

• Compose: open references/compose-testing.md

• UIAutomator (system/cross-app): open references/uiautomator.md

Workflows

Add a New UI Test (Instrumented)

• Pick framework: Espresso (Views) vs Compose Testing vs UIAutomator boundary.

• Add stable selectors: View id , Compose Modifier.testTag , system resource-id /content-desc .

• Control externals: fake/mock network + deterministic test data.

• Add waits: IdlingResources / Compose idling + waitUntil (avoid sleeps).

• Run locally: ./gradlew connectedAndroidTest (or a single test via runner args).

Diagnose a Flaky Instrumented Test

• Confirm reproduces: run the test 10x; isolate to one device/API if needed.

• Remove nondeterminism: network, clock/timezone, locale, feature flags, animations.

• Replace sleeps with idling/explicit waits; validate your IdlingResource actually idles.

• Capture artifacts: logcat + screenshot + screen recording for failures.

• If still flaky, isolate app state (orchestrator + clear data) and bisect the interaction steps.

Add a CI Gate (Preferred: GMD)

• Configure GMD + ATD images (see references/gradle-managed-devices.md ).

• Run PR gate on a small matrix; expand via groups for nightly/release.

• Ensure artifacts upload on failure: **/build/reports/androidTests/ , screenshots/logcat.

ADB Commands (Triage)

Screenshot

adb exec-out screencap -p > screenshot.png

Screen recording

adb shell screenrecord /sdcard/demo.mp4

CI Integration

Preferred: Gradle Managed Devices (GMD). See references/gradle-managed-devices.md .

.github/workflows/android.yml

name: Android CI on: [push, pull_request] jobs: test: runs-on: ubuntu-latest steps: - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - uses: actions/setup-java@v4 with: java-version: '17' distribution: 'temurin' - uses: gradle/actions/setup-gradle@v3 - run: ./gradlew test pixel6api34DebugAndroidTest

Navigating References

The reference guides are intentionally large; search within them instead of loading everything:

• rg -n "^## " frameworks/shared-skills/skills/qa-testing-android/references/compose-testing.md

• rg -n "Idling|waitUntil|Synchronization" frameworks/shared-skills/skills/qa-testing-android/references/compose-testing.md

• rg -n "RecyclerView|Intents" frameworks/shared-skills/skills/qa-testing-android/references/espresso-patterns.md

Do / Avoid

Do

• Prefer orchestrator + per-test isolation for instrumented tests

• Use IdlingResources / waitUntil for async waits

• Use Robot/Page Object patterns for readability and reuse

• Run a small device matrix on PRs; expand on nightly/release

Avoid

• Thread.sleep() for synchronization

• Tests depending on live network/backends

• Flaky selectors (localized text, position-only selectors)

Resources

Resource Purpose

references/espresso-patterns.md Espresso matchers, actions

references/compose-testing.md Compose testing guide

references/uiautomator.md UIAutomator patterns (system UI)

references/gradle-managed-devices.md Managed Devices for CI

references/screenshot-testing.md Visual regression for Android

references/test-orchestrator-patterns.md AndroidX Test Orchestrator patterns

references/android-ci-optimization.md CI pipeline optimization

data/sources.json Documentation links

Templates

Template Purpose

assets/template-android-test-checklist.md Stability checklist

Related Skills

Skill Purpose

software-mobile Android development

qa-testing-strategy Test strategy

qa-testing-mobile Cross-platform mobile