React TypeScript

Patterns for building type-safe React 19.2 applications with TypeScript 5.9. React Compiler handles memoization automatically - write plain components, let the tooling optimize.

Critical Rules

No forwardRef - ref Is a Prop Now

// WRONG - deprecated pattern
const Input = forwardRef<HTMLInputElement, InputProps>((props, ref) => (
  <input ref={ref} {...props} />
))

// CORRECT - React 19: ref is a regular prop
function Input({ ref, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<"input">) {
  return <input ref={ref} {...props} />
}

No Manual Memoization with React Compiler

// WRONG - unnecessary with React Compiler
const MemoizedList = memo(function List({ items }: { items: Item[] }) {
  const sorted = useMemo(() => items.toSorted(compare), [items])
  const handleClick = useCallback((id: string) => onSelect(id), [onSelect])
  return sorted.map(item => <Row key={item.id} onClick={() => handleClick(item.id)} />)
})

// CORRECT - React Compiler auto-memoizes all of this
function List({ items, onSelect }: { items: Item[]; onSelect: (id: string) => void }) {
  const sorted = items.toSorted(compare)
  return sorted.map(item => <Row key={item.id} onClick={() => onSelect(item.id)} />)
}

Use `React.ComponentProps<>` for Element Props

// WRONG - manual HTML attribute typing
interface ButtonProps {
  onClick?: (e: MouseEvent<HTMLButtonElement>) => void
  disabled?: boolean
  children: React.ReactNode
  className?: string
}

// CORRECT - extend native element props
type ButtonProps = React.ComponentProps<"button"> & {
  variant?: "primary" | "ghost"
}

Type State Discriminated Unions, Not Booleans

// WRONG - impossible states possible
interface RequestState { isLoading: boolean; error: string | null; data: User | null }

// CORRECT - discriminated union prevents impossible states
type RequestState =
  | { status: "idle" }
  | { status: "loading" }
  | { status: "error"; error: string }
  | { status: "success"; data: User }

Use `satisfies` for Type-Safe Literals

// WRONG - widens to Record<string, Route>
const routes: Record<string, Route> = { home: { path: "/" }, about: { path: "/about" } }

// CORRECT - preserves literal keys while checking shape
const routes = {
  home: { path: "/" },
  about: { path: "/about" },
} satisfies Record<string, Route>

routes.home // typed, autocomplete works

Context Must Have Strict Defaults or Throw

// WRONG - null default with no guard
const AuthContext = createContext<AuthState | null>(null)
// consumers must null-check every time

// CORRECT - factory hook that throws on missing provider
const AuthContext = createContext<AuthState | null>(null)

function useAuth(): AuthState {
  const ctx = use(AuthContext)
  if (ctx === null) throw new Error("useAuth must be used within AuthProvider")
  return ctx
}

Prefer `use()` over `useContext()`

// OLD pattern
function Header() {
  const theme = useContext(ThemeContext) // cannot use after early return
  if (!isVisible) return null
  return <h1 style={{ color: theme.color }}>Title</h1>
}

// CORRECT - React 19: use() works after early returns
function Header({ isVisible }: { isVisible: boolean }) {
  if (!isVisible) return null
  const theme = use(ThemeContext) // works here - use() is not bound by hook rules
  return <h1 style={{ color: theme.color }}>Title</h1>
}

React 19 Patterns

Component Authoring

Plain functions with data-slot for styling hooks. No forwardRef, no FC:

type CardProps = React.ComponentProps<"div"> & {
  variant?: "elevated" | "outlined"
}

function Card({ variant = "outlined", className, ...props }: CardProps) {
  return (
    <div
      data-slot="card"
      data-variant={variant}
      className={cn("rounded-xl border bg-card", className)}
      {...props}
    />
  )
}

function CardTitle({ className, ...props }: React.ComponentProps<"h3">) {
  return <h3 data-slot="card-title" className={cn("font-semibold", className)} {...props} />
}

Actions and useTransition

Async functions in transitions handle pending state, errors, and form resets automatically:

function UpdateProfile({ userId }: { userId: string }) {
  const [error, submitAction, isPending] = useActionState(
    async (_prev: string | null, formData: FormData) => {
      const result = await updateProfile(userId, formData)
      if (result.error) return result.error
      redirect("/profile")
      return null
    },
    null
  )

  return (
    <form action={submitAction}>
      <input type="text" name="displayName" required />
      <button type="submit" disabled={isPending}>
        {isPending ? "Saving..." : "Save"}
      </button>
      {error && <p className="text-destructive">{error}</p>}
    </form>
  )
}

useTransition for non-form Actions:

function DeleteButton({ onDelete }: { onDelete: () => Promise<void> }) {
  const [isPending, startTransition] = useTransition()

  return (
    <button
      disabled={isPending}
      onClick={() => startTransition(async () => { await onDelete() })}
    >
      {isPending ? "Deleting..." : "Delete"}
    </button>
  )
}

useOptimistic for instant feedback:

function LikeButton({ likes, onLike }: { likes: number; onLike: () => Promise<void> }) {
  const [optimisticLikes, addOptimisticLike] = useOptimistic(likes, (prev) => prev + 1)

  const handleLike = async () => {
    addOptimisticLike(null)
    await onLike()
  }

  return (
    <form action={handleLike}>
      <button type="submit">{optimisticLikes} Likes</button>
    </form>
  )
}

use() Hook

Read promises and context in render. Works conditionally, after early returns:

// Reading a promise - suspends until resolved
function Comments({ commentsPromise }: { commentsPromise: Promise<Comment[]> }) {
  const comments = use(commentsPromise)
  return (
    <ul>
      {comments.map(c => <li key={c.id}>{c.text}</li>)}
    </ul>
  )
}

// Parent gets promise from loader/cache, NOT created during render
function PostPage({ commentsPromise }: { commentsPromise: Promise<Comment[]> }) {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<Skeleton />}>
      <Comments commentsPromise={commentsPromise} />
    </Suspense>
  )
}

// Reading context conditionally
function AdminPanel({ user }: { user: User | null }) {
  if (!user) return <LoginPrompt />
  const permissions = use(PermissionsContext) // legal - use() works after early return
  if (!permissions.isAdmin) return <Forbidden />
  return <Dashboard user={user} permissions={permissions} />
}

Important: use() does not support promises created during render. Pass promises from loaders, server functions, or cached sources.

Activity Component (React 19.2)

Preserve state of hidden UI. Hidden children keep their state and DOM but unmount effects:

import { Activity, useState } from "react"

function TabLayout({ tabs }: { tabs: TabConfig[] }) {
  const [activeTab, setActiveTab] = useState(tabs[0].id)

  return (
    <div>
      <nav>
        {tabs.map(tab => (
          <button key={tab.id} onClick={() => setActiveTab(tab.id)}>
            {tab.label}
          </button>
        ))}
      </nav>

      {tabs.map(tab => (
        <Activity key={tab.id} mode={activeTab === tab.id ? "visible" : "hidden"}>
          <tab.component />
        </Activity>
      ))}
    </div>
  )
}

Key behaviors:

visible - renders normally, effects mounted
hidden - hides via display: none, effects cleaned up, state preserved, updates deferred
Pre-rendering: <Activity mode="hidden"> renders children at low priority for faster future reveals
DOM side effects (video, audio) persist when hidden - add useLayoutEffect cleanup

useEffectEvent (React 19.2)

Extract non-reactive logic from effects. The event function always sees latest props/state without triggering effect re-runs:

function ChatRoom({ roomId, theme }: { roomId: string; theme: string }) {
  const onConnected = useEffectEvent(() => {
    showNotification("Connected!", theme) // always reads latest theme
  })

  useEffect(() => {
    const connection = createConnection(roomId)
    connection.on("connected", () => onConnected())
    connection.connect()
    return () => connection.disconnect()
  }, [roomId]) // theme NOT in deps - onConnected is an Effect Event
}

Rules:

Only call from inside effects or other effect events
Never pass to child components or include in dependency arrays
Never call during render
Use for logic that is conceptually an "event" fired from an effect

Custom hook pattern:

function useInterval(callback: () => void, delay: number | null) {
  const onTick = useEffectEvent(callback)

  useEffect(() => {
    if (delay === null) return
    const id = setInterval(() => onTick(), delay)
    return () => clearInterval(id)
  }, [delay])
}

Document Metadata

Render <title>, <meta>, and <link> directly in components - React hoists them to <head>:

function BlogPost({ post }: { post: Post }) {
  return (
    <article>
      <title>{post.title}</title>
      <meta name="description" content={post.excerpt} />
      <meta name="author" content={post.author} />
      <link rel="canonical" href={`https://example.com/posts/${post.slug}`} />
      <h1>{post.title}</h1>
      <div>{post.content}</div>
    </article>
  )
}

Context as Provider

const ThemeContext = createContext<Theme>("light")

// React 19 - use Context directly as provider (no .Provider)
function App({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) {
  return (
    <ThemeContext value="dark">
      {children}
    </ThemeContext>
  )
}

Ref Cleanup Functions

function MeasuredBox() {
  return (
    <div
      ref={(node) => {
        if (node) {
          const observer = new ResizeObserver(handleResize)
          observer.observe(node)
          return () => observer.disconnect() // cleanup on unmount
        }
      }}
    />
  )
}

React Compiler

What It Does

React Compiler (babel-plugin-react-compiler) analyzes your code at build time and automatically inserts memoization. It replaces manual useMemo, useCallback, and React.memo in most cases.

Auto-memoizes:

Component return values (skip re-render if props unchanged)
Expensive computations inside components
Callback functions passed as props
JSX element creation

Setup (Vite)

pnpm add -D babel-plugin-react-compiler

// vite.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "vite"
import react from "@vitejs/plugin-react"

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [
    react({
      babel: {
        plugins: ["babel-plugin-react-compiler"], // must be first
      },
    }),
  ],
})

What NOT to Do

// DON'T - compiler handles this
const MemoComponent = memo(MyComponent)
const memoized = useMemo(() => expensive(data), [data])
const stableCallback = useCallback(() => handler(id), [id])

// DO - write plain code, compiler optimizes
function MyComponent({ data, onSelect }: Props) {
  const processed = expensive(data)
  return <Child onClick={() => onSelect(data.id)} />
}

When Manual Memoization Still Applies

useMemo/useCallback as effect dependencies when you need precise control over when effects fire
Values shared across many components (compiler memoizes per-component, not globally)
Opting out: "use no memo" directive skips compilation for a specific component

Verification

Components optimized by the compiler show a "Memo" badge in React DevTools. Check build output for react/compiler-runtime imports.

TypeScript Patterns

Strict tsconfig for React

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,
    "target": "esnext",
    "module": "nodenext",
    "moduleDetection": "force",
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,
    "isolatedModules": true,
    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,
    "exactOptionalPropertyTypes": true,
    "noUncheckedSideEffectImports": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true,
    "declaration": true,
    "declarationMap": true,
    "sourceMap": true,
    "types": []
  }
}

Component Props Patterns

// Extending native element props
type ButtonProps = React.ComponentProps<"button"> & {
  variant?: "primary" | "secondary"
  isLoading?: boolean
}

function Button({ variant = "primary", isLoading, children, ...props }: ButtonProps) {
  return (
    <button data-slot="button" disabled={isLoading || props.disabled} {...props}>
      {isLoading ? <Spinner /> : children}
    </button>
  )
}

// Polymorphic "as" prop
type PolymorphicProps<E extends React.ElementType> = {
  as?: E
} & Omit<React.ComponentProps<E>, "as">

function Text<E extends React.ElementType = "span">({
  as,
  ...props
}: PolymorphicProps<E>) {
  const Component = as || "span"
  return <Component {...props} />
}

// Usage: <Text as="h1">Hello</Text>

Event Handler Types

function Form() {
  // Inferred from handler context - no explicit typing needed
  const handleSubmit = (e: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) => {
    e.preventDefault()
    const formData = new FormData(e.currentTarget)
    // process formData
  }

  const handleChange = (e: React.ChangeEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
    console.log(e.target.value)
  }

  const handleKeyDown = (e: React.KeyboardEvent<HTMLInputElement>) => {
    if (e.key === "Enter") submit()
  }

  return (
    <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
      <input onChange={handleChange} onKeyDown={handleKeyDown} />
    </form>
  )
}

Hook Types

// useState - inferred when initial value provided
const [count, setCount] = useState(0) // number
const [user, setUser] = useState<User | null>(null) // explicit for null init

// useReducer - discriminated union actions
type CounterAction =
  | { type: "increment"; amount: number }
  | { type: "decrement"; amount: number }
  | { type: "reset" }

function counterReducer(state: number, action: CounterAction): number {
  switch (action.type) {
    case "increment": return state + action.amount
    case "decrement": return state - action.amount
    case "reset": return 0
  }
}

const [count, dispatch] = useReducer(counterReducer, 0)
dispatch({ type: "increment", amount: 5 })

// useRef - element refs (React 19: returns RefObject<T | null>, always nullable)
const inputRef = useRef<HTMLInputElement>(null)

// useRef - mutable value (no null)
const intervalRef = useRef<number | undefined>(undefined)

Generic Components

type SelectProps<T> = {
  items: T[]
  value: T
  onChange: (item: T) => void
  getLabel: (item: T) => string
  getKey: (item: T) => string
}

function Select<T>({ items, value, onChange, getLabel, getKey }: SelectProps<T>) {
  return (
    <select
      value={getKey(value)}
      onChange={(e) => {
        const item = items.find(i => getKey(i) === e.target.value)
        if (item) onChange(item)
      }}
    >
      {items.map(item => (
        <option key={getKey(item)} value={getKey(item)}>
          {getLabel(item)}
        </option>
      ))}
    </select>
  )
}

// Usage - T inferred as User
<Select
  items={users}
  value={selectedUser}
  onChange={setSelectedUser}
  getLabel={u => u.name}
  getKey={u => u.id}
/>

Discriminated Unions for Component State

type AsyncState<T> =
  | { status: "idle" }
  | { status: "loading" }
  | { status: "error"; error: Error }
  | { status: "success"; data: T }

function AsyncContent<T>({
  state,
  render,
}: {
  state: AsyncState<T>
  render: (data: T) => React.ReactNode
}) {
  switch (state.status) {
    case "idle": return null
    case "loading": return <Spinner />
    case "error": return <ErrorDisplay error={state.error} />
    case "success": return <>{render(state.data)}</>
  }
}

Zod v4 Integration

import { z } from "zod"

const UserSchema = z.object({
  name: z.string().min(1),
  email: z.string().email(),
  role: z.enum(["admin", "user", "viewer"]),
})

type User = z.infer<typeof UserSchema>

// Form validation with useActionState
type FieldErrors = { name?: string[]; email?: string[]; role?: string[] }

function CreateUser() {
  const [errors, submitAction, isPending] = useActionState(
    async (_prev: FieldErrors | null, formData: FormData) => {
      const result = UserSchema.safeParse(Object.fromEntries(formData))
      if (!result.success) {
        // Zod v4: use z.flattenError() to get field-level errors
        const flat = z.flattenError(result.error)
        return flat.fieldErrors as FieldErrors
      }
      await saveUser(result.data)
      return null
    },
    null
  )

  return (
    <form action={submitAction}>
      <input name="name" />
      {errors?.name && (
        <span className="text-destructive">{errors.name[0]}</span>
      )}
      <input name="email" type="email" />
      <select name="role">
        <option value="user">User</option>
        <option value="admin">Admin</option>
        <option value="viewer">Viewer</option>
      </select>
      <button type="submit" disabled={isPending}>Create</button>
    </form>
  )
}

Best Practices

Plain functions for components - no FC, no forwardRef, no memo. FC implicitly typed children in older types and adds no value over plain function signatures. Let React Compiler optimize.
React.ComponentProps<"element"> for extending native elements - catches all HTML attributes.
Discriminated unions over booleans for state - prevents impossible states at the type level.
use() over useContext() - works conditionally, cleaner for context with guards.
satisfies for config objects - preserves literal types while validating shape.
Activity over conditional rendering when state preservation matters (tabs, sidebars, wizards).
useEffectEvent over suppressing deps - extracts non-reactive logic cleanly from effects.
Strict tsconfig - enable noUncheckedIndexedAccess, exactOptionalPropertyTypes, verbatimModuleSyntax.
as const satisfies for route configs, theme tokens, and lookup objects.
Type narrowing in switch - exhaustive checks via never in default cases.
import defer (TS 5.9) - defer module evaluation until first property access for lazy-loaded heavy modules. See typescript-patterns.md.

Deep Dives

react-19-features.md - Complete React 19/19.2 feature reference with detailed examples
typescript-patterns.md - Advanced TypeScript patterns for React: generics, utility types, strict config, type-level programming

Resources

React Docs: https://react.dev
React 19.2 Blog Post: https://react.dev/blog/2025/10/01/react-19-2
React Compiler: https://react.dev/learn/react-compiler
TypeScript 5.9: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-9.html
TypeScript 5.8: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-5-8.html
React TypeScript Cheatsheet: https://react-typescript-cheatsheet.netlify.app/