Understanding Streamlit architecture

Streamlit is a client-server application with bidirectional WebSocket communication using Protocol Buffers. Use this file as a quick mental model and navigation index; use references/backend.md , references/frontend.md , and references/communication.md for implementation details.

Concepts glossary

Concept Description Key files

Command Any function exposed in Streamlit's public API (st.* namespace). Commands can create elements/widgets, control execution flow, or configure app behavior. lib/streamlit/delta_generator.py , lib/streamlit/elements/ , lib/streamlit/commands/

Element Umbrella term for all UI components in Streamlit: widgets, containers, and display elements. Represented in Element.proto as a oneof union of ~50+ types. proto/streamlit/proto/Element.proto , lib/streamlit/elements/

Widget Interactive element (button, slider, text_input) that triggers reruns on user interaction. Value accessible via return value or st.session_state . Some elements become widgets conditionally (e.g., dataframe/chart with on_select ). lib/streamlit/elements/widgets/ , frontend/lib/src/components/widgets/

Display Element Non-interactive element (text, markdown, image, chart) that renders content without triggering reruns by itself. lib/streamlit/elements/ , frontend/lib/src/components/elements/

Container Layout block that groups elements spatially (sidebar, columns, expander, tabs, form). Represented as BlockNode in the element tree. lib/streamlit/elements/layouts.py , Block.proto

DeltaGenerator The st object; API entry point that queues UI deltas. Uses mixin pattern to compose all st.* commands. lib/streamlit/delta_generator.py

Session State Per-session dictionary (st.session_state ) persisting data across reruns. Stores widget values and user variables. lib/streamlit/runtime/state/session_state.py

Rerun Re-execution of the user script for the current page. Triggered by widget interactions, st.rerun() , file changes, or fragment timers. Rebuilds the element tree while preserving session state. lib/streamlit/runtime/scriptrunner/script_runner.py , lib/streamlit/commands/execution_control.py

Form Container (st.form ) that batches widget inputs, deferring reruns until form submission. lib/streamlit/elements/form.py , WidgetStateManager.ts

Fragment Decorator (@st.fragment ) enabling partial reruns of specific UI sections without full script re-execution. lib/streamlit/runtime/fragment.py

Caching Decorators (@st.cache_data , @st.cache_resource ) that memoize function results to avoid redundant computation. lib/streamlit/runtime/caching/

Pages Multipage app system using st.navigation() and st.Page() or auto-discovery from pages/ directory. lib/streamlit/navigation/ , lib/streamlit/runtime/pages_manager.py

Config App configuration via .streamlit/config.toml controlling server, client, and theme settings. lib/streamlit/config.py , lib/streamlit/config_option.py

Theming Customizable UI themes (Light/Dark/Custom) defined in config or via theme editor. lib/streamlit/runtime/theme_util.py , frontend/lib/src/theme/

Secrets Secure credential storage via .streamlit/secrets.toml (local) or platform settings (deployed). Accessed via st.secrets . lib/streamlit/runtime/secrets.py

Connection Database/service abstraction (st.connection ) with built-in caching and secrets integration. lib/streamlit/connections/

Custom Components User-built extensions using React/iframe. v1 (legacy): declare_component() API. v2 (current): Bidirectional components with improved state management. component-lib/ , lib/streamlit/components/v1/ , lib/streamlit/components/v2/

Static File Serving Files in static/ directory served directly via /app/static/* (when static serving is enabled). lib/streamlit/web/server/server.py , lib/streamlit/web/server/starlette/starlette_routes.py

App Testing Testing framework (AppTest ) for simulating user interactions and inspecting rendered output. lib/streamlit/testing/

Core mental model

flowchart TB subgraph Backend["Backend (Python)"] Script[User Script] DG[DeltaGenerator] Runtime[Runtime/AppSession] end

subgraph Protocol["WebSocket + Protobuf"]
    FM[ForwardMsg]
    BM[BackMsg]
end

subgraph Frontend["Frontend (React)"]
    App[App.tsx]
    Tree[AppRoot Tree]
    Renderer[ElementNodeRenderer]
    WSM[WidgetStateManager]
end

Script --> DG
DG --> FM
FM --> App
App --> Tree
Tree --> Renderer
Renderer --> WSM
WSM -->|User interaction| BM
BM --> Runtime
Runtime -->|Rerun| Script

Key insight: Script execution is rerun-driven: most widget interactions trigger reruns (full app or fragment-scoped). State persists via st.session_state and caching decorators.

Execution model

Streamlit's execution model differs from traditional web frameworks:

Rerun triggers:

• Widget interaction: User clicks button, moves slider, etc.

• Source code change: File watcher detects script modification

• st.rerun() : Explicit programmatic rerun

• Fragment timer: @st.fragment(run_every=...) periodic reruns

Execution order nuances:

• Scripts execute top-to-bottom on every rerun

• Callbacks first: on_change /on_click handlers run before the main script body

• Fragments typically isolate reruns: Widget interactions inside @st.fragment usually rerun only that fragment

• Control flow exceptions: st.stop() , st.rerun() , st.switch_page() raise exceptions to halt/redirect execution

Session isolation:

• Each browser tab = separate AppSession with its own SessionState

• Refreshing the page creates a new session (unless reconnecting within TTL)

• No shared state between sessions (use external storage for multi-user state)

What persists across reruns (within a session):

• st.session_state values

• Cached function results (@st.cache_data , @st.cache_resource )

• Uploaded files

• Fragment registrations

What resets on each rerun:

• Local variables in script

• Widget return values (re-read from SessionState )

• Element tree (rebuilt from scratch, then diffed)

Architecture layers

Backend (Python)

Component File Purpose

Runtime lib/streamlit/runtime/runtime.py

Singleton managing app lifecycle and sessions

AppSession lib/streamlit/runtime/app_session.py

Per-browser-tab: ScriptRunner + SessionState + ForwardMsgQueue

ScriptRunner lib/streamlit/runtime/scriptrunner/script_runner.py

Executes user scripts in separate thread

DeltaGenerator lib/streamlit/delta_generator.py

API entry point using mixin pattern

SessionState lib/streamlit/runtime/state/session_state.py

Widget values and user variables

Elements lib/streamlit/elements/

Backend implementation of st.* commands

For backend deep dive: See references/backend.md

Frontend (TypeScript/React)

Component File Purpose

App frontend/app/src/App.tsx

Central orchestrator

AppRoot frontend/lib/src/render-tree/AppRoot.ts

Immutable element tree with 4 containers

ElementNodeRenderer frontend/lib/src/components/core/Block/ElementNodeRenderer.tsx

Maps protos to React components

WidgetStateManager frontend/lib/src/WidgetStateManager.ts

Widget state, forms, query params

ConnectionManager frontend/connection/src/ConnectionManager.ts

WebSocket state machine

For frontend deep dive: See references/frontend.md

Communication (Protobuf)

Proto Purpose

ForwardMsg.proto

Server to client: deltas, session events, navigation

BackMsg.proto

Client to server: rerun requests with widget states

Element.proto

~50+ element types in oneof type union

WidgetStates.proto

Widget values: trigger_value , string_value , bool_value , etc.

Location: proto/streamlit/proto/

For protocol deep dive: See references/communication.md

Essential concepts (quick map)

• Script rerun model: Widget interaction -> BackMsg (ClientState ) -> backend updates SessionState -> script rerun -> ForwardMsg deltas.

• Deep dive: references/communication.md#widget-interaction-to-script-rerun

• Delta path system: Elements are addressed by delta paths (for example [0, 2, 3] ) to support efficient tree updates.

• Deep dive: references/communication.md#delta-ui-changes

• active_script_hash semantics: ForwardMsg.metadata.active_script_hash scopes node ownership across multipage and fragment reruns.

• Deep dive: references/communication.md#forwardmsg-metadata-active_script_hash

• Element tree structure: Frontend AppRoot maintains main , sidebar , event , and bottom containers with BlockNode /ElementNode .

• Deep dive: references/frontend.md#element-tree-frontendlibsrcrender-tree

• Element identity semantics: Delta paths decide where a node lives; element IDs decide whether stateful elements can reconnect to prior state after remounts.

• Deep dive: references/element-identity.md

• Fragments (@st.fragment ): Fragment interactions usually trigger fragment-scoped reruns and update only affected regions.

• Deep dive: references/backend.md

Element identity

• Delta path controls where a node is placed in the render tree.

• Element ID controls whether a stateful element can reconnect to prior state after remounts.

• Widgets use the ID to connect frontend WidgetStateManager state, BackMsg.WidgetStates , backend SessionState , callbacks, and st.session_state .

• Some non-widgets also use IDs for frontend-only reconstruction (for example chart view state or media autoplay guards).

• Delta-path changes can remount elements, but a stable element.id can still let React preserve a leaf when it remains under the same rendered parent list.

Deep dive: references/element-identity.md

Key implementation patterns

• Backend mixin composition: DeltaGenerator composes st.* API via mixins.

• Deep dive: references/backend.md#deltagenerator-libstreamlitdelta_generatorpy

• Frontend visitor pattern: Render-tree updates/staleness cleanup use visitors.

• Deep dive: references/frontend.md#visitor-pattern

• Message deduplication: ForwardMsg.hash

• ref_hash with frontend ForwardMsgCache reduces bandwidth.

• Deep dive: references/communication.md#message-caching

Quick reference: adding features

• Proto definition: proto/streamlit/proto/<Element>.proto

• Register in Element.proto: Add to oneof type

• Backend mixin: lib/streamlit/elements/<element>.py

• Frontend component: frontend/lib/src/components/elements/<Element>/ or frontend/lib/src/components/widgets/<Element>/ (depending on element vs widget)

• Register in ElementNodeRenderer: Add case to switch statement

• Compile protos: make protobuf

See wiki/new-feature-guide.md for a detailed implementation guide.

Maintaining this documentation

When making changes that impact any of the concepts documented here (Runtime, AppSession, DeltaGenerator, element tree, communication protocol, element identity, etc.), update the relevant sections in this skill's files (SKILL.md , references/backend.md , references/frontend.md , references/communication.md , references/element-identity.md ) to keep them accurate.