material-design-3-typography

Applies Material Design 3 Expressive typography principles including variable fonts, type scales, and hierarchy. Use this when working on text styling, type hierarchy, readable interfaces, or when the user asks to apply Material Design 3 typography guidelines.

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Material Design 3 Typography

Overview

This skill guides the implementation of Material Design 3 (M3) typography — from the baseline Material You type scale through to M3 Expressive's 30-style expanded type system — to create clear, readable, and emotionally engaging text hierarchies.

Keywords: Material Design 3, M3, typography, type scale, variable fonts, text hierarchy, readability, font weights, line height, letter spacing, emphasized type, medium contrast, Material You

Core Principles

Typography Philosophy

M3 typography focuses on:

  1. Variable Fonts: Support dynamic weight and width adjustments for expressive text
  2. Clear Hierarchy: Distinct type scales that guide users through content
  3. Readability: Optimized for legibility across devices and contexts
  4. Flexibility: Adaptable to different content needs and screen sizes
  5. Expression: Typography that conveys personality and emotion
  6. Emphasis: Baseline and emphasized variants for every type role (M3 Expressive)

Type Scale

Baseline Type Scale (15 styles)

M3 defines a comprehensive type scale with specific roles for different UI elements. These 15 baseline styles form the foundation of all M3 typography:

Display Styles (Large, attention-grabbing text)

Display Large:

  • Font: Roboto (or brand font)
  • Size: 57px / 3.562rem
  • Line Height: 64px / 4rem
  • Weight: 400 (Regular)
  • Letter Spacing: -0.25px
  • Use: Largest headlines, hero text

Display Medium:

  • Size: 45px / 2.812rem
  • Line Height: 52px / 3.25rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0
  • Use: Large section headers

Display Small:

  • Size: 36px / 2.25rem
  • Line Height: 44px / 2.75rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0
  • Use: Smaller headers, card titles

Headline Styles (Structural headings)

Headline Large:

  • Size: 32px / 2rem
  • Line Height: 40px / 2.5rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0
  • Use: Page titles, major sections

Headline Medium:

  • Size: 28px / 1.75rem
  • Line Height: 36px / 2.25rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0
  • Use: Subsection headers

Headline Small:

  • Size: 24px / 1.5rem
  • Line Height: 32px / 2rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0
  • Use: Component headers, dialog titles

Title Styles (Emphasis within components)

Title Large:

  • Size: 22px / 1.375rem
  • Line Height: 28px / 1.75rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0
  • Use: Large list items, emphasized text

Title Medium:

  • Size: 16px / 1rem
  • Line Height: 24px / 1.5rem
  • Weight: 500 (Medium)
  • Letter Spacing: 0.15px
  • Use: Card titles, list headers

Title Small:

  • Size: 14px / 0.875rem
  • Line Height: 20px / 1.25rem
  • Weight: 500
  • Letter Spacing: 0.1px
  • Use: Compact card titles, tabs

Body Styles (Main content)

Body Large:

  • Size: 16px / 1rem
  • Line Height: 24px / 1.5rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0.5px
  • Use: Long-form content, articles

Body Medium:

  • Size: 14px / 0.875rem
  • Line Height: 20px / 1.25rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0.25px
  • Use: Default body text

Body Small:

  • Size: 12px / 0.75rem
  • Line Height: 16px / 1rem
  • Weight: 400
  • Letter Spacing: 0.4px
  • Use: Captions, helper text

Label Styles (UI elements)

Label Large:

  • Size: 14px / 0.875rem
  • Line Height: 20px / 1.25rem
  • Weight: 500
  • Letter Spacing: 0.1px
  • Use: Button text, navigation items

Label Medium:

  • Size: 12px / 0.75rem
  • Line Height: 16px / 1rem
  • Weight: 500
  • Letter Spacing: 0.5px
  • Use: Small buttons, chips

Label Small:

  • Size: 11px / 0.687rem
  • Line Height: 16px / 1rem
  • Weight: 500
  • Letter Spacing: 0.5px
  • Use: Tiny labels, timestamps

Emphasized Type Scale (15 additional styles — M3 Expressive)

M3 Expressive adds 15 emphasized variants — one for each baseline style. Emphasized styles are bolder, larger, or more dynamic for highlighting key moments, calls to action, and editorial emphasis:

RoleBaselineEmphasized
Display Large57px / 40057px / 700
Display Medium45px / 40045px / 700
Display Small36px / 40036px / 700
Headline Large32px / 40032px / 700
Headline Medium28px / 40028px / 700
Headline Small24px / 40024px / 600
Title Large22px / 40022px / 700
Title Medium16px / 50016px / 700
Title Small14px / 50014px / 700
Body Large16px / 40016px / 700
Body Medium14px / 40014px / 700
Body Small12px / 40012px / 700
Label Large14px / 50014px / 800
Label Medium12px / 50012px / 800
Label Small11px / 50011px / 800

When to use emphasized styles:

  • Calls to action and primary buttons with strong visual weight
  • Important headlines or numbers that users should notice immediately
  • Editorial emphasis in content layouts
  • Key data points in dashboards or summaries
  • Onboarding screens and feature highlights

Pairing baseline and emphasized:

  • Use emphasized sparingly alongside baseline styles to create rhythm and momentum
  • Never use all emphasized styles on a single screen — the contrast between baseline and emphasized is what creates hierarchy

Medium Contrast (M3 Expressive Default)

M3 Expressive introduces "medium contrast" as the default typography approach:

  • Balances legibility with visual flair
  • More accessible than low-contrast approaches while more expressive than high-contrast
  • Ensures expressive type choices remain highly accessible across device types
  • Achieved through careful weight/size pairing in the baseline vs emphasized type scale

Font Recommendations

System Fonts

Roboto (Default for M3):

  • Versatile, highly readable
  • Available in variable font format
  • Weights: 100-900
  • Use for both display and body text

Roboto Flex (Variable font):

  • Supports width and weight axes
  • Ideal for M3 Expressive
  • Enables dynamic adjustments

Brand Fonts

Consider these characteristics when choosing brand fonts:

Display Fonts:

  • Distinctive personality
  • High readability at large sizes
  • Consider: Poppins, Montserrat, Work Sans, DM Sans

Body Fonts:

  • Excellent readability at small sizes
  • Good for long-form content
  • Consider: Inter, Open Sans, Source Sans Pro, Noto Sans

Variable Font Implementation

@font-face {
  font-family: 'Roboto Flex';
  src: url('RobotoFlex-Variable.woff2') format('woff2-variations');
  font-weight: 100 900;
  font-stretch: 75% 125%;
}

.dynamic-text {
  font-family: 'Roboto Flex', sans-serif;
  font-variation-settings: 
    'wght' 400,
    'wdth' 100;
}

Implementation Guidelines

CSS Type Tokens

Define typography tokens using CSS custom properties. M3 Expressive adds emphasized variants alongside baseline:

:root {
  /* Font families */
  --md-sys-typescale-font-family-brand: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
  --md-sys-typescale-font-family-plain: 'Roboto', sans-serif;
  
  /* Display Large — Baseline */
  --md-sys-typescale-display-large-font: var(--md-sys-typescale-font-family-brand);
  --md-sys-typescale-display-large-size: 3.562rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-display-large-line-height: 4rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-display-large-weight: 400;
  --md-sys-typescale-display-large-tracking: -0.25px;
  
  /* Display Large — Emphasized (M3 Expressive) */
  --md-sys-typescale-display-large-emphasized-weight: 700;
  
  /* Headline Large — Baseline */
  --md-sys-typescale-headline-large-font: var(--md-sys-typescale-font-family-brand);
  --md-sys-typescale-headline-large-size: 2rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-headline-large-line-height: 2.5rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-headline-large-weight: 400;
  --md-sys-typescale-headline-large-tracking: 0;
  
  /* Headline Large — Emphasized (M3 Expressive) */
  --md-sys-typescale-headline-large-emphasized-weight: 700;
  
  /* Body Large — Baseline */
  --md-sys-typescale-body-large-font: var(--md-sys-typescale-font-family-plain);
  --md-sys-typescale-body-large-size: 1rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-body-large-line-height: 1.5rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-body-large-weight: 400;
  --md-sys-typescale-body-large-tracking: 0.5px;
  
  /* Body Large — Emphasized (M3 Expressive) */
  --md-sys-typescale-body-large-emphasized-weight: 700;
  
  /* Label Large — Baseline */
  --md-sys-typescale-label-large-font: var(--md-sys-typescale-font-family-plain);
  --md-sys-typescale-label-large-size: 0.875rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-label-large-line-height: 1.25rem;
  --md-sys-typescale-label-large-weight: 500;
  --md-sys-typescale-label-large-tracking: 0.1px;
  
  /* Label Large — Emphasized (M3 Expressive) */
  --md-sys-typescale-label-large-emphasized-weight: 800;
}

Type Classes

Create reusable type classes for both baseline and emphasized styles:

/* Baseline styles */
.display-large {
  font-family: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-font);
  font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-size);
  line-height: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-weight);
  letter-spacing: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-tracking);
}

.headline-large {
  font-family: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-font);
  font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-size);
  line-height: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-weight);
  letter-spacing: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-tracking);
}

.body-large {
  font-family: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-font);
  font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-size);
  line-height: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-weight);
  letter-spacing: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-tracking);
}

/* Emphasized styles (M3 Expressive) */
.display-large-emphasized {
  font-family: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-font);
  font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-size);
  line-height: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-emphasized-weight);
  letter-spacing: var(--md-sys-typescale-display-large-tracking);
}

.headline-large-emphasized {
  font-family: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-font);
  font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-size);
  line-height: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-emphasized-weight);
  letter-spacing: var(--md-sys-typescale-headline-large-tracking);
}

.body-large-emphasized {
  font-family: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-font);
  font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-size);
  line-height: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-emphasized-weight);
  letter-spacing: var(--md-sys-typescale-body-large-tracking);
}

.label-large-emphasized {
  font-family: var(--md-sys-typescale-label-large-font);
  font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-label-large-size);
  line-height: var(--md-sys-typescale-label-large-line-height);
  font-weight: var(--md-sys-typescale-label-large-emphasized-weight);
  letter-spacing: var(--md-sys-typescale-label-large-tracking);
}

Typography Best Practices

Hierarchy

  1. Use the Scale: Don't create custom sizes—use the defined scale
  2. Skip Levels Sparingly: Can skip one level, but maintain clear hierarchy
  3. Consistent Application: Same content type should use same style
  4. Color for Emphasis: Use color roles for text (on-surface, on-primary, etc.)

Readability

  1. Line Length: 50-75 characters per line for body text
  2. Line Height: 1.4-1.6 for body text (already built into scale)
  3. Contrast: Minimum 4.5:1 for body text, 3:1 for large text
  4. Text Color: Use semantic color tokens (on-surface, on-background)

Responsive Typography

/* Mobile-first base sizes */
:root {
  --fluid-display-large: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw + 1rem, 3.562rem);
  --fluid-headline-large: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw + 0.5rem, 2rem);
}

.display-large {
  font-size: var(--fluid-display-large);
}

/* Or use container queries for component-level responsiveness */
@container (min-width: 600px) {
  .card-title {
    font-size: var(--md-sys-typescale-title-large-size);
  }
}

Accessibility

  1. Zoom Support: Use relative units (rem, em) for all sizes
  2. Clear Hierarchy: Visual hierarchy should be clear without color
  3. Focus States: Ensure text links have visible focus indicators
  4. Screen Readers: Use semantic HTML (h1-h6, p, etc.)

Performance

  1. Font Loading: Use font-display: swap to prevent text blocking
  2. Subset Fonts: Load only needed characters and weights
  3. Variable Fonts: Use single variable font file instead of multiple weights
  4. System Fonts: Consider system font stack for performance
@font-face {
  font-family: 'Roboto';
  src: url('roboto.woff2') format('woff2');
  font-display: swap;
  /* Subset to Latin characters */
  unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153;
}

Advanced Typography

Expressive Text Effects

Variable Font Animations:

@keyframes weight-shift {
  from { font-variation-settings: 'wght' 300; }
  to { font-variation-settings: 'wght' 700; }
}

.animated-heading {
  animation: weight-shift 2s ease-in-out infinite alternate;
}

Gradient Text:

.gradient-headline {
  background: linear-gradient(
    90deg,
    var(--md-sys-color-primary),
    var(--md-sys-color-tertiary)
  );
  -webkit-background-clip: text;
  -webkit-text-fill-color: transparent;
  background-clip: text;
}

Text Truncation

/* Single line truncation */
.truncate {
  overflow: hidden;
  text-overflow: ellipsis;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

/* Multi-line truncation */
.truncate-multi {
  display: -webkit-box;
  -webkit-line-clamp: 3;
  -webkit-box-orient: vertical;
  overflow: hidden;
}

Common Type Patterns

Card Title and Body

<div class="card">
  <h3 class="title-large">Card Title</h3>
  <p class="body-medium">Card description text goes here.</p>
</div>

Page Header with Subheader

<header>
  <h1 class="headline-large">Page Title</h1>
  <p class="body-large">Supporting description or subtitle</p>
</header>

Button Text

<button class="label-large">Action</button>

List Item

<li>
  <span class="title-medium">List Item Title</span>
  <span class="body-small">Supporting text</span>
</li>

Checklist for Typography Implementation

When implementing M3 typography, ensure:

  • All 15 baseline type styles from the scale are defined as CSS tokens
  • All 15 emphasized type styles are defined (M3 Expressive)
  • Roboto or appropriate brand font is loaded
  • Variable fonts are used when available
  • Font display swap is set to prevent blocking
  • All text uses semantic color tokens
  • Proper hierarchy is established (display > headline > title > body)
  • Emphasized styles are used sparingly for key moments and calls to action
  • Line height and letter spacing match the specification
  • Responsive scaling is implemented for different screen sizes
  • Relative units (rem/em) are used for all sizes
  • Text contrast meets WCAG requirements (4.5:1 minimum)
  • Font weights are used consistently (400 baseline, 500 labels, 700+ emphasized)
  • Semantic HTML tags match visual hierarchy
  • Long-form content has appropriate line length (50-75 characters)
  • All text is readable at default and zoomed sizes
  • Performance is optimized (font subsetting, loading strategy)
  • Medium contrast approach is followed for balance of legibility and expression

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