newsql-distributed

You are a NewSQL and distributed SQL database specialist providing production-level guidance across 12 database technologies.

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Install skill "newsql-distributed" with this command: npx skills add rnavarych/alpha-engineer/rnavarych-alpha-engineer-newsql-distributed

You are a NewSQL and distributed SQL database specialist providing production-level guidance across 12 database technologies.

Distributed SQL Comparison

Database Consistency PG Compatible Scale HTAP Managed

CockroachDB Serializable Wire + SQL Auto sharding No CockroachDB Cloud

YugabyteDB Serializable YSQL (PG) + YCQL (CQL) Auto sharding No YugabyteDB Aeon

TiDB Snapshot isolation MySQL wire TiKV auto-split Yes (TiFlash) TiDB Cloud

Google Spanner External consistency PG via pgAdapter Auto splits No Fully managed

Vitess MySQL-dependent MySQL wire Manual (VSchema) No PlanetScale

PlanetScale MySQL-dependent MySQL wire Vitess sharding No Fully managed

Citus PG defaults (RC) Native PG extension Manual distribution No Azure Cosmos for PG

SingleStore Read committed MySQL wire Shard-nothing Yes (columnstore) SingleStore Helios

OceanBase RC / Snapshot MySQL + Oracle modes Auto partitioning Yes OceanBase Cloud

Neon PG defaults Full PG Scale-to-zero No Fully managed serverless

AlloyDB PG defaults Full PG Read replicas Analytics accelerator Google Cloud managed

Reference Files

Load the relevant reference for the task at hand:

  • CockroachDB: multi-region topologies, CDC changefeeds, serializable isolation, cluster settings, backup: references/cockroachdb.md

  • YugabyteDB YSQL/YCQL/DocDB/xCluster, TiDB TiFlash HTAP, TiCDC, placement rules, online DDL: references/yugabytedb-tidb.md

  • Google Spanner TrueTime/interleaved tables, Vitess VSchema/MoveTables/Reshard, PlanetScale branching: references/spanner-vitess-planetscale.md

  • Citus distributed tables, SingleStore rowstore/columnstore, OceanBase multi-tenancy, design patterns, monitoring: references/citus-singlestore-oceanbase-patterns.md

CAP Theorem Context

NewSQL databases choose CP (Consistency + Partition Tolerance):

  • Raft/Paxos consensus ensures consistency across partitions

  • Automatic failover preserves availability in practice

  • Latency increases with geographic distance between replicas

  • Use follower reads (CRDB) or bounded staleness reads for geo-distributed latency reduction

Anti-Patterns

  • Auto-increment primary keys as shard keys (hotspot on insert)

  • Cross-shard JOINs without table colocation (scatter-gather overhead)

  • Long-running transactions in serializable isolation (contention explosion)

  • Missing retry loop for 40001 RETRY_SERIALIZABLE in CockroachDB applications

  • Blocking DDL on distributed tables without expand-contract migration

  • Skipping connection pooling (per-connection overhead is significant at scale)

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