FFmpeg Toolkit

Transcode

# Convert to MP4 (H.264 + AAC)
ffmpeg -i input.mov -c:v libx264 -preset medium -crf 23 \
       -c:a aac -b:a 128k output.mp4

# Convert to WebM (VP9 + Opus)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libvpx-vp9 -crf 30 -b:v 0 \
       -c:a libopus -b:a 128k output.webm

Resize

# Specific dimensions
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1920:1080" output.mp4

# Aspect-ratio preserve with padding (letterbox/pillarbox)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=decrease,pad=1920:1080:(ow-iw)/2:(oh-ih)/2" output.mp4

# Crop to fill (no black bars)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1920:1080:force_original_aspect_ratio=increase,crop=1920:1080" output.mp4

# Scale to width, auto height
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=1280:-2" output.mp4

# Scale to percentage (50%)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "scale=iw/2:ih/2" output.mp4

Trim and Cut

# Cut from timestamp + duration (re-encode recommended for accuracy)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:30 -t 00:00:15 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output.mp4

# Cut from start to end timestamp
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:30 -to 00:00:45 -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output.mp4

# Stream copy (faster, but may lose frames at non-keyframe cut points)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -ss 00:00:30 -t 00:00:15 -c copy output.mp4

# Fast seek for large files (put -ss before -i)
ffmpeg -ss 00:10:00 -i large_video.mp4 -t 00:05:00 -c copy clip.mp4

Note: Re-encoding is recommended for trimming. Stream copy (-c copy) can silently drop video if the seek point doesn't align with a keyframe.

Speed Adjustment

# 2x speed (video and audio)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=0.5*PTS[v];[0:a]atempo=2.0[a]" \
       -map "[v]" -map "[a]" output.mp4

# 0.5x speed (slow motion)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=2.0*PTS[v];[0:a]atempo=0.5[a]" \
       -map "[v]" -map "[a]" output.mp4

# Video only (no audio)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter:v "setpts=0.5*PTS" -an output.mp4

# Extreme slow motion (0.25x) - chain atempo filters (each limited to 0.5-2.0)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=4.0*PTS[v];[0:a]atempo=0.5,atempo=0.5[a]" \
       -map "[v]" -map "[a]" output.mp4

Calculate speed factor:

• To fit X seconds into Y seconds: speed = X / Y
• setpts multiplier = 1 / speed (e.g., 3x speed = setpts=0.333*PTS)
• atempo value = speed (e.g., 3x speed = atempo=3.0)
• Extreme speed audio (>2x): chain atempo filters, e.g. 4x = atempo=2.0,atempo=2.0

For Remotion playbackRate vs FFmpeg speed decisions, see remotion.md.

Compress

# Good quality, smaller file (CRF 23 is default, lower = better)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 23 -preset medium -c:a aac -b:a 128k output.mp4

# Aggressive compression for web preview
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -crf 28 -preset fast -c:a aac -b:a 96k output.mp4

# Target file size (e.g., ~10MB for 60s video = ~1.3Mbps)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx264 -b:v 1300k -c:a aac -b:a 128k output.mp4

For platform-specific size targets, see platform-export.md.

Extract and Convert Audio

# Extract to MP3
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -acodec libmp3lame -q:a 2 output.mp3

# Extract to AAC
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn -acodec aac -b:a 192k output.m4a

# Extract to WAV (uncompressed)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vn output.wav

# Extract audio from specific time range
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -ss 00:01:00 -t 00:00:30 -vn audio.mp3

# M4A to MP3
ffmpeg -i input.m4a -codec:a libmp3lame -qscale:a 2 output.mp3

# Adjust volume
ffmpeg -i input.mp3 -filter:a "volume=1.5" output.mp3

Crop

# Arbitrary crop (width:height:x:y)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "crop=640:480:100:50" output.mp4

# Center crop to 16:9
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "crop=ih*16/9:ih" output.mp4

Concatenate

# Create file list
echo "file 'clip1.mp4'" > list.txt
echo "file 'clip2.mp4'" >> list.txt
echo "file 'clip3.mp4'" >> list.txt

# Concatenate (same codec/resolution)
ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i list.txt -c copy output.mp4

# Concatenate with re-encoding (different sources)
ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i list.txt -c:v libx264 -c:a aac output.mp4

Fade

# Video fade in first 1s, fade out last 1s (adjust st= for your duration)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fade=t=in:st=0:d=1,fade=t=out:st=9:d=1" -c:a copy output.mp4

# Audio fade
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -af "afade=t=in:st=0:d=1,afade=t=out:st=9:d=1" -c:v copy output.mp4

Overlay and Composition

# Watermark (bottom-right corner)
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -i watermark.png \
       -filter_complex "overlay=W-w-10:H-h-10" output.mp4

# Text overlay
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "drawtext=text='Hello World':fontsize=24:fontcolor=white:x=10:y=10" output.mp4

# Picture-in-Picture
ffmpeg -i main.mp4 -i overlay.mp4 \
       -filter_complex "[1:v]scale=320:-1[pip];[0:v][pip]overlay=W-w-10:H-h-10" output.mp4

# Side by side
ffmpeg -i left.mp4 -i right.mp4 \
       -filter_complex "[0:v]scale=640:-1[l];[1:v]scale=640:-1[r];[l][r]hstack" output.mp4

Thumbnails and Screenshots

# Single screenshot at timestamp
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -ss 00:00:10 -vframes 1 thumbnail.jpg

# Best quality thumbnail
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -ss 00:00:10 -vframes 1 -q:v 2 thumbnail.jpg

# Generate thumbnails every N seconds
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -vf "fps=1/10" thumbnails_%03d.jpg

# Thumbnail sprite sheet
ffmpeg -i video.mp4 -vf "fps=1/5,scale=160:-1,tile=5x5" sprite.jpg

# GIF from video (simple)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=10,scale=480:-1" output.gif

# GIF from video (palette for better quality + smaller size)
ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -vf "fps=10,scale=480:-1,split[s0][s1];[s0]palettegen[p];[s1][p]paletteuse" output.gif

Probe (ffprobe)

# Full JSON info
ffprobe -v quiet -print_format json -show_format -show_streams input.mp4

# Duration in seconds
ffprobe -v error -show_entries format=duration -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 input.mp4

# Resolution
ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 -show_entries stream=width,height -of csv=p=0 input.mp4

# Codec name
ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 -show_entries stream=codec_name -of default=noprint_wrappers=1:nokey=1 input.mp4

# Frame count
ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 -count_frames -show_entries stream=nb_read_frames -of csv=p=0 input.mp4

Batch Processing

# Convert all MP4s to WebM
for f in *.mp4; do
    ffmpeg -i "$f" -c:v libvpx-vp9 -crf 30 -c:a libopus "${f%.mp4}.webm"
done

# Resize all images in directory
for f in *.jpg; do
    ffmpeg -i "$f" -vf "scale=1280:-1" "resized_$f"
done

# Extract audio from multiple videos
for f in *.mp4; do
    ffmpeg -i "$f" -vn -c:a mp3 -b:a 192k "${f%.mp4}.mp3"
done

Common Errors

Quality Guidelines

Preset spectrum (faster = larger files, quicker encoding): ultrafast > superfast > veryfast > faster > fast > medium > slow > slower > veryslow

References

• reference.md - Codec, filter, and format lookup tables (video/audio filters, codecs, CRF range, containers, input/output options)
• audio-processing.md - Advanced audio: normalization, noise reduction, frequency filters, merging audio tracks
• streaming-and-hwaccel.md - HLS/DASH streaming and hardware acceleration (NVENC, VideoToolbox, QuickSync)
• remotion.md - Remotion integration: asset preparation, speed decisions, <OffthreadVideo> notes
• platform-export.md - Social media export optimization (YouTube, Twitter/X, LinkedIn, Instagram, TikTok, web embed)