Variables and Templating

• Multi-value variable needs $__all in regex — or only first value used
• ${var:csv} for comma-separated — ${var:pipe} for pipe-separated in regex
• Variable in query: $var or ${var} — different escaping per data source
• $__interval auto-adjusts to time range — use for aggregation window
• Chained variables: child depends on parent — set "Refresh" to "On time range change"

Prometheus Queries

• rate() needs range vector — rate(requests_total[5m]) not rate(requests_total)
• rate() for counters, deriv() for gauges — rate handles counter resets
• $__rate_interval over hardcoded — adapts to scrape interval and dashboard range
• Labels in legend: {{label}} — multiple: {{instance}} - {{job}}
• Regex filter: metric{label=~"val1|val2"} — !~ for negative match

Panel Configuration

• "No data" vs "null" are different — configure in display options
• Thresholds work on last value — not all values in range
• Min/max must match your data range — auto-scaling can hide anomalies
• Time series for trends, stat for current value — choose visualization wisely

Alerting

• Alert evaluates on server — not browser, query must work without variables
• Variables not supported in alerts — hardcode values or use templates
• Multiple conditions: AND is default — configure for OR if needed
• Alert state "Pending" before "Firing" — for duration, prevents flapping
• Notification channel must be configured — alert without channel = no notification

Dashboard Provisioning

• JSON export includes data source UID — will fail if different on import
• Use data source variables — ${DS_PROMETHEUS} substituted at runtime
• Provisioned dashboards read-only by default — allowEditing: true in provisioning
• Folder must exist before dashboard provisioning — or import fails silently

Data Sources

• "Server" mode proxies through Grafana — hides credentials from browser
• "Browser" mode direct from browser — faster but exposes URL/auth
• Test connection catches most issues — but not query-specific problems
• TLS skip verify for self-signed — but fix proper certs for production

Transformations

• Order matters — transformations apply in sequence
• Outer join for combining queries — match on time or label
• Reduce for aggregating time series — last, mean, max, etc.
• Add field from calculation — combine metrics client-side

Common Mistakes

• Time range selector affects variable queries — unexpected results with "All time"
• Dashboard saved but datasource not — works locally, breaks on import
• Alert rule in dashboard vs Grafana alerting — different systems, don't mix
• Panel queries run on every refresh — high-cardinality queries slow dashboard
• Annotation queries add DB load — use sparingly on busy dashboards