CocoIndex v1

CocoIndex v1 is a Python library for building incremental data processing pipelines with declarative target states. Think spreadsheets or React for data pipelines: declare what the output should look like based on current input, and CocoIndex automatically handles incremental updates, change detection, and syncing to external systems.

Overview

CocoIndex v1 enables building data pipelines that:

• Automatically handle incremental updates: Only reprocess changed data
• Use declarative target states: Declare what should exist, not how to update
• Support any Python types: No custom DSL—use dataclasses, Pydantic, NamedTuple
• Provide function memoization: Skip expensive operations when inputs/code unchanged
• Sync to multiple targets: PostgreSQL, SQLite, LanceDB, Qdrant, file systems

Key principle: TargetState = Transform(SourceState)

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when building pipelines that involve:

• Document processing: PDF/Markdown conversion, text extraction, chunking
• Vector embeddings: Embedding documents/code for semantic search
• Database transformations: ETL from source DB to target DB
• Knowledge graphs: Extract entities and relationships from data
• LLM-based extraction: Structured data extraction using LLMs
• File-based pipelines: Transform files from one format to another
• Incremental indexing: Keep search indexes up-to-date with source changes

Quick Start: Creating a New Project

Initialize Project

Use the built-in CLI to create a new project:

cocoindex init my-project
cd my-project

This creates:

• main.py - Main app definition
• pyproject.toml - Dependencies with pre-release config
• .env - Environment configuration
• README.md - Quick start guide

Add Dependencies for Specific Use Cases

Add dependencies to pyproject.toml based on your needs:

# For vector embeddings
dependencies = ["cocoindex>=1.0.0a1", "sentence-transformers", "asyncpg"]

# For PostgreSQL only
dependencies = ["cocoindex>=1.0.0a1", "asyncpg"]

# For LLM extraction
dependencies = ["cocoindex>=1.0.0a1", "litellm", "instructor", "pydantic>=2.0"]

See references/setup_project.md for complete examples.

Set Up Database (if using Postgres/Qdrant)

For PostgreSQL with Docker:

# Create docker-compose.yml with pgvector image
docker-compose up -d

For Qdrant with Docker:

# Create docker-compose.yml with Qdrant image
docker-compose up -d

See references/setup_database.md for detailed setup instructions.

Run the Pipeline

pip install -e .
cocoindex update main.py

Core Concepts

1. Apps

An app is the top-level executable that binds a main function with parameters:

import cocoindex as coco

@coco.function
def app_main(sourcedir: pathlib.Path, outdir: pathlib.Path) -> None:
    # Processing logic here
    ...

app = coco.App(
    coco.AppConfig(name="MyApp"),
    app_main,
    sourcedir=pathlib.Path("./data"),
    outdir=pathlib.Path("./output"),
)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    app.update(report_to_stdout=True)

2. Processing Components

A processing component groups an item's processing with its target states.

Mount independent components with coco_aio.mount_each() (preferred) or coco_aio.mount():

# Preferred: mount one component per item (async, keyed iterable)
await coco_aio.mount_each(process_file, files.items(), target_table)

# Equivalent async manual loop
for key, f in files.items():
    await coco_aio.mount(coco.component_subpath(key), process_file, f, target_table)

# Sync mount — only for CPU-intensive leaf components (no I/O)
coco.mount(coco.component_subpath(str(f.file_path.path)), process_file, f, target_table)

Mount dependent components with use_mount() when you need the return value:

result = await coco_aio.use_mount(subpath, fn, *args)

Mount targets using connector convenience methods (async, subpath is automatic):

target_table = await target_db.mount_table_target(
    table_name="my_table",
    table_schema=await postgres.TableSchema.from_class(MyRecord, primary_key=["id"]),
)

Key points:

• Each component runs independently
• Async-first: prefer coco_aio.mount_each() / coco_aio.mount() for all components; use sync coco.mount() only for CPU-intensive leaf work (no I/O)
• Use use_mount() when you need the return value of a child component
• Use stable paths for proper memoization
• Component path determines target state ownership

3. Function Memoization

Add memo=True to skip re-execution when inputs/code unchanged:

@coco.function(memo=True)
def expensive_operation(data: str) -> Result:
    # LLM call, embedding generation, heavy computation
    result = expensive_transform(data)
    return result

4. Target States

Declare what should exist—CocoIndex handles creation/update/deletion:

# File target
localfs.declare_file(outdir / "output.txt", content)

# Database row target
table.declare_row(row=MyRecord(id=1, name="example"))

# Vector point target (Qdrant)
collection.declare_point(point=PointStruct(id="1", vector=[...]))

5. Context for Shared Resources

Use ContextKey to share expensive resources across components:

EMBEDDER = coco.ContextKey[SentenceTransformerEmbedder]("embedder")

@coco.lifespan
def coco_lifespan(builder: coco.EnvironmentBuilder):
    embedder = SentenceTransformerEmbedder("all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
    builder.provide(EMBEDDER, embedder)
    yield

The @coco.lifespan decorator registers the function to the default CocoIndex environment, which is shared among all apps by default.

@coco.function
def process_item(text: str) -> None:
    embedder = coco.use_context(EMBEDDER)
    embedding = embedder.embed(text)

6. ID Generation

Generate stable, unique identifiers that persist across incremental updates:

from cocoindex.resources.id import generate_id, IdGenerator

# Deterministic: same dep → same ID
chunk_id = generate_id(chunk.content)

# Always distinct: each call → new ID, even with same dep
id_gen = IdGenerator()
for chunk in chunks:
    chunk_id = id_gen.next_id(chunk.content)
    table.declare_row(row=Row(id=chunk_id, content=chunk.content))

Use generate_id(dep) when same content should yield same ID. Use IdGenerator when you need distinct IDs even for duplicate content. See ID Generation docs for details.

Common Pipeline Patterns

Pattern 1: File Transformation

Transform files from input to output directory:

import pathlib
import cocoindex as coco
import cocoindex.asyncio as coco_aio
from cocoindex.connectors import localfs
from cocoindex.resources.file import PatternFilePathMatcher

@coco.function(memo=True)
def process_file(file, outdir):
    # CPU-bound transform — sync is fine here at the leaf
    content = file.read_text()
    transformed = transform_content(content)  # Your logic
    outname = file.file_path.path.stem + ".out"
    localfs.declare_file(outdir / outname, transformed, create_parent_dirs=True)

@coco.function
async def app_main(sourcedir, outdir):
    files = localfs.walk_dir(
        sourcedir,
        recursive=True,
        path_matcher=PatternFilePathMatcher(
            included_patterns=["*.txt", "*.md"],
            excluded_patterns=[".*/**"],
        ),
    )
    await coco_aio.mount_each(process_file, files.items(), outdir)

app = coco_aio.App(coco_aio.AppConfig(name="Transform"), app_main, sourcedir=pathlib.Path("./data"), outdir=pathlib.Path("./out"))

Pattern 2: Vector Embedding Pipeline

Chunk and embed documents for semantic search:

import pathlib
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Annotated, AsyncIterator
import cocoindex as coco
import cocoindex.asyncio as coco_aio
from cocoindex.connectors import localfs, postgres
from cocoindex.ops.text import RecursiveSplitter
from cocoindex.ops.sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformerEmbedder
from cocoindex.resources.chunk import Chunk
from cocoindex.resources.file import FileLike, PatternFilePathMatcher
from cocoindex.resources.id import IdGenerator
from numpy.typing import NDArray

PG_DB = coco.ContextKey[postgres.PgDatabase]("pg_db")
_embedder = SentenceTransformerEmbedder("sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2")
_splitter = RecursiveSplitter()

@dataclass
class DocEmbedding:
    id: int  # Generated stable ID
    filename: str
    text: str
    embedding: Annotated[NDArray, _embedder]  # Auto-infer dimensions
    chunk_start: int
    chunk_end: int

@coco_aio.lifespan
async def coco_lifespan(builder: coco_aio.EnvironmentBuilder) -> AsyncIterator[None]:
    async with await postgres.create_pool(DATABASE_URL) as pool:
        builder.provide(PG_DB, postgres.register_db("embedding_db", pool))
        yield

@coco.function
async def process_chunk(chunk: Chunk, filename: pathlib.PurePath, id_gen: IdGenerator, table):
    table.declare_row(
        row=DocEmbedding(
            id=await id_gen.next_id(chunk.text),
            filename=str(filename),
            text=chunk.text,
            embedding=await _embedder.embed(chunk.text),
            chunk_start=chunk.start.char_offset,
            chunk_end=chunk.end.char_offset,
        ),
    )

@coco.function(memo=True)
async def process_file(file: FileLike, table):
    text = file.read_text()
    chunks = _splitter.split(text, chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=200)
    id_gen = IdGenerator()
    await coco_aio.map(process_chunk, chunks, file.file_path.path, id_gen, table)

@coco.function
async def app_main(sourcedir: pathlib.Path):
    target_db = coco.use_context(PG_DB)
    target_table = await target_db.mount_table_target(
        table_name="embeddings",
        table_schema=await postgres.TableSchema.from_class(
            DocEmbedding, primary_key=["id"],
        ),
    )

    files = localfs.walk_dir(sourcedir, recursive=True)
    await coco_aio.mount_each(process_file, files.items(), target_table)

app = coco_aio.App(coco_aio.AppConfig(name="Embedding"), app_main, sourcedir=Path("./data"))

Pattern 3: LLM-Based Extraction

Extract structured data using LLMs:

import instructor
from pydantic import BaseModel
from litellm import acompletion

_instructor_client = instructor.from_litellm(acompletion, mode=instructor.Mode.JSON)

class ExtractionResult(BaseModel):
    title: str
    topics: list[str]

@coco.function(memo=True)  # Memo avoids re-calling LLM
async def extract_and_store(content, message_id, table):
    result = await _instructor_client.chat.completions.create(
        model="gpt-4",
        response_model=ExtractionResult,
        messages=[{"role": "user", "content": f"Extract topics: {content}"}],
    )
    table.declare_row(row=Message(id=message_id, title=result.title, content=content))

Connectors and Operations

CocoIndex v1 provides connectors for reading from and writing to various external systems including databases (SQL and vector), file systems, and more.

For detailed connector documentation, see:

• references/connectors.md - Complete connector reference with examples
• Pattern examples - Real-world usage in pipelines
• AI-optimized docs - Comprehensive online documentation

Text and Embedding Operations

Text Splitting

from cocoindex.ops.text import RecursiveSplitter, detect_code_language

splitter = RecursiveSplitter()
language = detect_code_language(filename="example.py")

chunks = splitter.split(
    text,
    chunk_size=1000,
    min_chunk_size=300,
    chunk_overlap=200,
    language=language,  # Syntax-aware splitting
)

Embeddings

from cocoindex.ops.sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformerEmbedder

embedder = SentenceTransformerEmbedder("sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2")

# Sync
embedding = embedder.embed(text)

# Async
embedding = await embedder.embed_async(text)

CLI Commands

Run Pipeline

cocoindex update main.py              # Run app in main.py
cocoindex update main.py:my_app       # Run specific app
cocoindex update my_module:my_app     # Run from module

Drop All State

cocoindex drop main.py [-f]           # Drop and reset

List Apps

cocoindex ls main.py                  # List apps in file
cocoindex ls --db ./cocoindex.db      # List apps in DB

Show Component Paths

cocoindex show main.py                # Show component tree

Best Practices

1. Use Stable Component Paths

# ✅ Good: Stable identifiers
coco.component_subpath("file", str(file.file_path.path))
coco.component_subpath("record", record.id)

# ❌ Bad: Unstable identifiers
coco.component_subpath("file", file)      # Object reference
coco.component_subpath("idx", idx)        # Index changes

2. Add Memoization for Expensive Operations

# ✅ Good: Memoize expensive ops
@coco.function(memo=True)
async def process_chunk(chunk, table):
    embedding = await embedder.embed_async(chunk.text)  # Expensive!
    table.declare_row(...)

# ❌ Bad: No memoization
@coco.function  # Re-embeds every run
async def process_chunk(chunk, table):
    embedding = await embedder.embed_async(chunk.text)

3. Use Context for Shared Resources

# ✅ Good: Load model once
@coco.lifespan
def coco_lifespan(builder):
    model = load_expensive_model()
    builder.provide(MODEL_KEY, model)
    yield

# ❌ Bad: Load model every time
@coco.function
def process(data):
    model = load_expensive_model()  # Loaded repeatedly!

4. Use Type Annotations

# ✅ Good: Type-safe
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Annotated
from numpy.typing import NDArray

@dataclass
class Record:
    id: int
    name: str
    vector: Annotated[NDArray, embedder]  # Auto-infer dimensions

# ❌ Bad: No type safety
record = {"id": 1, "name": "example", "vector": [...]}

5. Use Convenience APIs for Targets and Iteration

# Target setup — subpath is automatic
table = await target_db.mount_table_target(
    table_name="my_table",
    table_schema=await postgres.TableSchema.from_class(MyRecord, primary_key=["id"]),
)

# Iterate with mount_each — keys become component subpaths
await coco_aio.mount_each(process_item, items.items(), table)

6. Prefer Async Mount

# ✅ Default: async mount for I/O-bound or general-purpose components
@coco.function
async def app_main(sourcedir):
    await coco_aio.mount_each(process_file, files.items(), table)  # list of items
    await coco_aio.mount(coco.component_subpath("setup"), setup_fn)  # single component

# ✅ Sync mount only when the leaf function is CPU-intensive (no I/O)
@coco.function(memo=True)
def cpu_heavy_leaf(data: str) -> Result:
    return expensive_computation(data)  # Pure CPU work, no async needed

# ❌ Don't use sync mount inside async app_main for general components
@coco.function
async def app_main(sourcedir):
    for key, f in files.items():
        coco.mount(coco.component_subpath(key), process_file, f)  # Use await coco_aio.mount() instead

Migration from Old API

Troubleshooting

"Module not found" Error

Ensure pyproject.toml has pre-release config:

[tool.uv]
prerelease = "explicit"

PostgreSQL pgvector Not Found

Enable the pgvector extension:

# Connect to your database and enable the extension
psql "postgres://localhost/db" -c "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector;"

See references/setup_database.md for detailed setup instructions.

Memoization Not Working

Check component paths are stable:

# Use stable IDs, not object references
coco.component_subpath(file.stable_key)  # ✅
coco.component_subpath(file)             # ❌

Everything Reprocessing

Add memo=True to expensive functions:

@coco.function(memo=True)  # Add this
async def process_item(item):
    ...

Resources

references/

• setup_project.md: Project setup guide with dependency examples for different use cases
• setup_database.md: Database setup guide (PostgreSQL, SQLite, LanceDB, Qdrant)
• connectors.md: Complete connector reference with usage examples
• patterns.md: Detailed pipeline patterns with full working code
• api_reference.md: Quick API reference for common functions

assets/

• simple-template/: Minimal project template structure

Additional Resources

For AI Agents:

• AI-Optimized Documentation - Comprehensive documentation optimized for LLM consumption

For Humans:

• CocoIndex Documentation - Full documentation site
• Programming Guide - Core concepts and patterns
• GitHub Examples - Real-world example projects
• CocoIndex on PyPI - Package repository (pre-release)

Version Note

This skill is for CocoIndex v1 (pre-release: >=1.0.0a1). It uses a completely different API from v0. Key differences:

• Python-native (no DSL)
• Any Python types supported
• No flow definitions required
• More flexible and seamless experience