Docker Compose 编排

概述

多容器编排、环境变量、网络配置等技能。

基础命令

启动服务

docker compose up docker compose up -d # 后台运行 docker compose up --build # 重新构建

停止服务

docker compose down docker compose down -v # 同时删除卷 docker compose down --rmi all # 同时删除镜像

查看状态

docker compose ps docker compose ps -a

查看日志

docker compose logs docker compose logs -f # 实时跟踪 docker compose logs service_name

执行命令

docker compose exec service_name sh docker compose run service_name command

重启服务

docker compose restart docker compose restart service_name

扩缩容

docker compose up -d --scale web=3

配置文件

基础结构

docker-compose.yml

version: "3.9"

services: web: image: nginx:alpine ports: - "80:80" volumes: - ./html:/usr/share/nginx/html depends_on: - api

api: build: ./api environment: - DATABASE_URL=postgres://db:5432/mydb depends_on: - db

db: image: postgres:15 volumes: - db_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret

volumes: db_data:

networks: default: driver: bridge

服务配置详解

build

services: app: # 简单形式 build: ./app

# 完整形式
build:
  context: ./app
  dockerfile: Dockerfile.prod
  args:
    - VERSION=1.0
  target: production
  cache_from:
    - myapp:cache

ports

services: web: ports: - "80:80" # HOST:CONTAINER - "443:443" - "8080-8090:8080-8090" # 端口范围 - "127.0.0.1:3000:3000" # 绑定特定 IP

volumes

services: app: volumes: # 命名卷 - data:/var/lib/data # 绑定挂载 - ./config:/etc/app/config:ro # 匿名卷 - /var/lib/data

volumes: data: driver: local

environment

services: app: environment: - NODE_ENV=production - DATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/db # 或使用映射形式 environment: NODE_ENV: production DATABASE_URL: postgres://localhost/db # 从文件加载 env_file: - .env - .env.local

depends_on

services: web: depends_on: - db - redis # 带条件 depends_on: db: condition: service_healthy redis: condition: service_started

healthcheck

services: web: healthcheck: test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost/health"] interval: 30s timeout: 10s retries: 3 start_period: 40s

deploy（Swarm 模式）

services: web: deploy: replicas: 3 resources: limits: cpus: '0.5' memory: 512M reservations: cpus: '0.25' memory: 256M restart_policy: condition: on-failure delay: 5s max_attempts: 3

网络配置

自定义网络

services: frontend: networks: - frontend

backend: networks: - frontend - backend

db: networks: - backend

networks: frontend: driver: bridge backend: driver: bridge internal: true # 内部网络，无外部访问

网络别名

services: db: networks: backend: aliases: - database - postgres

环境变量

.env 文件

.env

POSTGRES_VERSION=15 POSTGRES_PASSWORD=secret APP_PORT=3000

docker-compose.yml

services: db: image: postgres:${POSTGRES_VERSION} environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: ${POSTGRES_PASSWORD}

app: ports: - "${APP_PORT}:3000"

多环境配置

docker-compose.override.yml（开发环境，自动加载）

docker-compose.prod.yml（生产环境）

使用多个配置文件

docker compose -f docker-compose.yml -f docker-compose.prod.yml up -d

docker-compose.yml（基础配置）

services: app: image: myapp:latest

docker-compose.override.yml（开发覆盖）

services: app: build: . volumes: - .:/app environment: - DEBUG=true

docker-compose.prod.yml（生产覆盖）

services: app: restart: always environment: - DEBUG=false

常见场景

场景 1：Web 应用栈

version: "3.9"

services: nginx: image: nginx:alpine ports: - "80:80" volumes: - ./nginx.conf:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf:ro depends_on: - app

app: build: . environment: - DATABASE_URL=postgres://postgres:secret@db:5432/mydb - REDIS_URL=redis://redis:6379 depends_on: db: condition: service_healthy redis: condition: service_started

db: image: postgres:15-alpine volumes: - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret POSTGRES_DB: mydb healthcheck: test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U postgres"] interval: 5s timeout: 5s retries: 5

redis: image: redis:7-alpine volumes: - redis_data:/data

volumes: postgres_data: redis_data:

场景 2：开发环境热重载

version: "3.9"

services: app: build: context: . target: development volumes: - .:/app - /app/node_modules # 排除 node_modules environment: - NODE_ENV=development command: npm run dev ports: - "3000:3000"

场景 3：数据库初始化

services: db: image: postgres:15 volumes: - postgres_data:/var/lib/postgresql/data - ./init.sql:/docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/init.sql:ro environment: POSTGRES_PASSWORD: secret

场景 4：日志配置

services: app: logging: driver: json-file options: max-size: "10m" max-file: "3"

故障排查

查看配置

docker compose config

查看服务日志

docker compose logs service_name --tail=100

进入容器

docker compose exec service_name sh

查看网络

docker network ls docker network inspect project_default

重建服务

docker compose up -d --force-recreate service_name

问题 排查方法

服务无法启动 docker compose logs , 检查依赖

网络不通 检查网络配置、服务名

卷挂载问题 检查路径、权限

环境变量未生效 docker compose config 验证