laravel-expert

Laravel 框架專家，專精於跨版本開發、框架核心機制與最佳實務。

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Laravel Expert Skill

🧠 Expertise

Laravel 框架專家，專精於跨版本開發、框架核心機制與最佳實務。

官方文檔參考：https://laravel.com/docs/

  1. 版本差異對照表

1.1 支援政策

版本 PHP 版本 發布日期 Bug 修復結束 安全修復結束

9.x 8.0 - 8.2 2022-02 2023-08 2024-02

10.x 8.1 - 8.3 2023-02 2024-08 2025-02

11.x 8.2 - 8.4 2024-03 2025-09 2026-03

12.x 8.2+ 2025-02 2026-08 2027-02

參考：https://laravel.com/docs/12.x/releases#support-policy

1.2 核心差異對照

特性 Laravel 9 Laravel 11 Laravel 12

目錄結構 傳統完整 精簡化 精簡化

app/Http/Kernel.php ✅ 存在 ❌ 移除 ❌ 移除

Middleware 註冊 Kernel bootstrap/app.php bootstrap/app.php

Exception Handler app/Exceptions bootstrap/app.php bootstrap/app.php

預設測試框架 PHPUnit Pest 可選 Pest 預設

Model Casts $casts 屬性 casts() 方法 casts() 方法

前端工具 Mix Vite Vite

Starter Kits Breeze/Jetstream Breeze/Jetstream 新 Starter Kits

1.3 Laravel 9 主要特性

// 新版 Accessor / Mutator 語法 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Casts\Attribute;

protected function name(): Attribute { return Attribute::make( get: fn (string $value) => ucfirst($value), set: fn (string $value) => strtolower($value), ); }

// Enum Casting protected $casts = [ 'status' => OrderStatus::class, ];

// Controller Route Groups Route::controller(OrderController::class)->group(function () { Route::get('/orders', 'index'); Route::post('/orders', 'store'); });

1.4 Laravel 11/12 精簡化結構

// bootstrap/app.php（Laravel 11+） return Application::configure(basePath: dirname(DIR)) ->withRouting( web: DIR.'/../routes/web.php', commands: DIR.'/../routes/console.php', ) ->withMiddleware(function (Middleware $middleware) { $middleware->web(append: [ CheckUserStatus::class, ]); }) ->withExceptions(function (Exceptions $exceptions) { $exceptions->render(function (NotFoundHttpException $e) { return response()->json(['error' => 'Not found'], 404); }); }) ->create();

  1. Service Container 與依賴注入

2.1 基本綁定

// 綁定介面到實作 $this->app->bind(IPaymentGateway::class, StripeGateway::class);

// 單例綁定 $this->app->singleton(IPaymentGateway::class, StripeGateway::class);

// 實例綁定 $this->app->instance(IPaymentGateway::class, $gateway);

// 上下文綁定 $this->app->when(OrderService::class) ->needs(IPaymentGateway::class) ->give(StripeGateway::class);

2.2 自動解析

// 自動注入（Constructor Injection） class OrderController extends Controller { public function __construct( private readonly IOrderService $orderService, private readonly IPaymentGateway $paymentGateway, ) {} }

// 方法注入 public function store(Request $request, IOrderService $service) { $order = $service->createOrder($request->validated()); }

  1. Middleware 設計

3.1 Laravel 9 方式（Kernel）

// app/Http/Kernel.php protected $middlewareGroups = [ 'web' => [ // ... ], 'api' => [ \Laravel\Sanctum\Http\Middleware\EnsureFrontendRequestsAreStateful::class, 'throttle:api', \Illuminate\Routing\Middleware\SubstituteBindings::class, ], ];

protected $middlewareAliases = [ 'auth' => \App\Http\Middleware\Authenticate::class, 'verified' => \Illuminate\Auth\Middleware\EnsureEmailIsVerified::class, ];

3.2 Laravel 11+ 方式（bootstrap/app.php）

->withMiddleware(function (Middleware $middleware) { // 新增到 web 群組 $middleware->web(append: [ CheckUserStatus::class, ]);

// 新增到 api 群組
$middleware->api(prepend: [
    EnsureTokenIsValid::class,
]);

// 別名
$middleware->alias([
    'admin' => EnsureUserIsAdmin::class,
]);

// 全域 Middleware
$middleware->append(LogRequests::class);

})

3.3 自訂 Middleware

class EnsureUserIsActive { public function handle(Request $request, Closure $next): Response { if ($request->user()?->status !== 'active') { abort(403, 'Your account is not active.'); }

    return $next($request);
}

}

  1. Eloquent 進階模式

4.1 Query Scope

// Local Scope public function scopeActive(Builder $query): void { $query->where('status', 'active'); }

public function scopeOfType(Builder $query, string $type): void { $query->where('type', $type); }

// 使用 User::active()->ofType('admin')->get();

// Global Scope（自動套用） class ActiveScope implements Scope { public function apply(Builder $builder, Model $model): void { $builder->where('deleted_at', null); } }

4.2 Accessor & Mutator

// Laravel 9+ 新語法 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Casts\Attribute;

protected function fullName(): Attribute { return Attribute::make( get: fn () => "{$this->first_name} {$this->last_name}", ); }

protected function password(): Attribute { return Attribute::make( set: fn (string $value) => Hash::make($value), ); }

4.3 Custom Casts

class MoneyCast implements CastsAttributes { public function get(Model $model, string $key, mixed $value, array $attributes): Money { return new Money($value, $attributes['currency'] ?? 'USD'); }

public function set(Model $model, string $key, mixed $value, array $attributes): int
{
    return $value instanceof Money ? $value->cents : $value;
}

}

// 使用 protected function casts(): array { return [ 'price' => MoneyCast::class, ]; }

  1. Event / Listener / Observer

5.1 Event 與 Listener

// 定義 Event class OrderPlaced { public function __construct( public readonly Order $order, ) {} }

// 定義 Listener class SendOrderConfirmation { public function handle(OrderPlaced $event): void { Mail::to($event->order->user)->send( new OrderConfirmationMail($event->order) ); } }

// 觸發 event(new OrderPlaced($order)); // 或 OrderPlaced::dispatch($order);

5.2 Observer

class UserObserver { public function created(User $user): void { Log::info("User created: {$user->id}"); }

public function updated(User $user): void
{
    if ($user->isDirty('email')) {
        $user->email_verified_at = null;
    }
}

public function deleted(User $user): void
{
    $user->orders()->delete();
}

}

// 註冊（AppServiceProvider） User::observe(UserObserver::class);

  1. Form Request 驗證

6.1 基本用法

class StoreOrderRequest extends FormRequest { public function authorize(): bool { return $this->user()->can('create', Order::class); }

public function rules(): array
{
    return [
        'product_id' => ['required', 'exists:products,id'],
        'quantity' => ['required', 'integer', 'min:1', 'max:100'],
        'notes' => ['nullable', 'string', 'max:500'],
    ];
}

public function messages(): array
{
    return [
        'product_id.exists' => '商品不存在',
        'quantity.min' => '數量至少為 1',
    ];
}

}

6.2 進階驗證

public function rules(): array { return [ 'email' => [ 'required', 'email', Rule::unique('users')->ignore($this->user), ], 'role' => [ 'required', Rule::in(['admin', 'user', 'guest']), ], 'status' => [ 'required', Rule::enum(UserStatus::class), ], ]; }

// 條件驗證 public function withValidator(Validator $validator): void { $validator->sometimes('phone', 'required', function ($input) { return $input->contact_method === 'phone'; }); }

  1. Policy / Gate 權限

7.1 Policy 定義

class OrderPolicy { public function view(User $user, Order $order): bool { return $user->id === $order->user_id; }

public function update(User $user, Order $order): bool
{
    return $user->id === $order->user_id 
        && $order->status === 'pending';
}

public function delete(User $user, Order $order): bool
{
    return $user->isAdmin();
}

}

// 使用 $this->authorize('update', $order); // 或 Gate::authorize('update', $order); // 或 if ($user->can('update', $order)) { }

7.2 Gate 定義

// AuthServiceProvider 或 AppServiceProvider Gate::define('access-admin', function (User $user) { return $user->role === 'admin'; });

Gate::define('edit-settings', function (User $user) { return $user->isAdmin(); });

// 使用 if (Gate::allows('access-admin')) { } @can('access-admin') ... @endcan

  1. 升級遷移指南

8.1 Laravel 9 → 10

變更項目 處理方式

PHP 8.1 最低版本 升級 PHP

PHPUnit 10 更新測試配置

Pest 2 更新 Pest

8.2 Laravel 10 → 11

變更項目 處理方式

目錄結構精簡化 可選擇保留或遷移

Kernel.php 移除 遷移到 bootstrap/app.php

Exception Handler 移除 遷移到 bootstrap/app.php

Model casts() 方法 可選擇遷移

8.3 Laravel 11 → 12

預計升級時間：5 分鐘（官方建議） 參考：https://laravel.com/docs/12.x/upgrade

影響程度 項目

高 更新依賴 (laravel/framework ^12.0)

中 Model UUIDv7 變更

低 Carbon 3、Image 驗證排除 SVG

升級命令

composer require laravel/framework:^12.0 phpunit/phpunit:^11.0 pestphp/pest:^3.0

  1. 常用 Artisan 命令

開發

php artisan serve php artisan tinker php artisan route:list

快取

php artisan optimize php artisan optimize:clear php artisan config:cache php artisan route:cache php artisan view:cache

資料庫

php artisan migrate php artisan migrate:fresh --seed php artisan db:seed

產生器

php artisan make:model Order -mfsc # Model + Migration + Factory + Seeder + Controller php artisan make:request StoreOrderRequest php artisan make:policy OrderPolicy --model=Order php artisan make:event OrderPlaced php artisan make:listener SendOrderNotification --event=OrderPlaced

  1. Laravel 檢查清單

版本相容

  • PHP 版本是否符合要求？

  • 依賴套件是否支援目標 Laravel 版本？

  • 是否有廢棄 API 使用？

架構設計

  • 是否使用 Service 層處理業務邏輯？

  • 是否使用 Repository 模式？

  • 是否正確使用依賴注入？

  • 是否為高風險操作設定 Policy？

效能

  • 是否使用 Eager Loading？

  • 是否設定適當快取？

  • 是否使用 Queue 處理耗時任務？

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